![Chemistry with Access Code, Hybrid Edition](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781285188492/9781285188492_largeCoverImage.gif)
Define the following:
a. spontaneous process
b. entropy
c. positional probability
d. system
e. surroundings
f. universe
(a)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Interpretation: The given term spontaneous process has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
A process which occurs without any interference or without any external force is termed as a spontaneous process.
An increase in the entropy of universe is the driving force for a spontaneous reaction
(b)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Interpretation: The given term entropy has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
Entropy is a measure of molecular randomness or disorder. It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.
Entropy is an important part of thermodynamics that tells about the disorganized energy of a system. It is termed as a measure of molecular randomness or disorder.
It describes the positions or energy levels available to a system in a given state.
(c)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Interpretation: The given term positional probability has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
Positional probability is the probability of occurrence of particular arrangements of a given state and it depends upon the number of configurations in space that yields a particular state.
(d)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Interpretation: The given term system has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.
In physical chemistry, the universe is divided into two parts; system and surrounding. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system.
(e)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Interpretation: The given term surroundings has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.
(f)
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Interpretation: The given term universe has to be defined.
Concept introduction: Thermodynamics is associated with heat, temperature and its relation with energy and work. It helps us to predict whether a process will take place or not. But it gives no information about the time required for the process. The terms associated with thermodynamics are system, surrounding, entropy, spontaneity and many more.
Explanation of Solution
The area that includes the system and the surrounding is known as universe. The process that is being taken into account takes place in a particular part of universe. This particular part is known as the system. The surrounding comprises of the region that is present outside the system.
The system and the surroundings together are known as the universe.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 17 Solutions
Chemistry with Access Code, Hybrid Edition
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Organic Chemistry
Biological Science (6th Edition)
Fundamentals of Physics Extended
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Fundamentals Of Thermodynamics
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- Don't used hand raiting and don't used Ai solutionarrow_forward* How many milliliters of 97.5(±0.5) wt% H2SO4 with a density of 1.84(±0.01) g/mL will you need to prepare 2.000 L of 0.110 M H2SO4? * If the uncertainty in delivering H2SO4 is ±0.01 mL, calculate the absolute uncertainty in the molarity (0.110 M). Assume there is negligible uncertainty in the formula mass of NaOH and in the final volume (2.000 L) and assume random error.arrow_forwardYou are tasked with creating a calibration curve for the absorbance of cobalt solutions of various concentrations. You must prepare 5 standards with concentrations between 1.00 mg/L and 10.0 mg/L Co2+. You have a stock solution with a concentration of 40 mg/L Co2+ and all the standard lab glassware including transfer pipets and flasks. Explain how you would make your 5 standard solutions of various concentrations, including what glassware you would use to measure and prepare each solution.arrow_forward
- Predict the product and write the mechanism. CH3-CH=CH-CH2-CH3 + NBS- hv CCl4arrow_forwardHow exactly is carbon disulfide used in industry? Specifically, where does it come in during rubber or textile production and what is the chemical processes?arrow_forwardA researcher has developed a new analytical method to determine the percent by mass iron in solids. To test the new method, the researcher purchases a standard reference material sample that is 2.85% iron by mass. Analysis of the iron standard with the new method returns values of 2.75%, 2.89%, 2.77%, 2.81%, and 2.87%. Does the new method produce a result that is significantly different from the standard value at the 95% confidence level?arrow_forward
- Create a drawing of an aceral with at least 2 isopropoxy groups, and a total of 11 carbon atomsarrow_forward4. Predict the major product(s) for each of the following reactions. HBr (1 equiv.) peroxide, A a. b. NBS, peroxide, Aarrow_forwardIn addition to the separation techniques used in this lab (magnetism, evaporation, and filtering), there are other commonly used separation techniques. Some of these techniques are:Distillation – this process is used to separate components that have significantly different boiling points. The solution is heated and the lower boiling point substance is vaporized first. The vapor can be collected and condensed and the component recovered as a pure liquid. If the temperature of the mixture is then raised, the next higher boiling component will come off and be collected. Eventually only non-volatile components will be left in the original solution.Centrifugation – a centrifuge will separate mixtures based on their mass. The mixture is placed in a centrifuge tube which is then spun at a high speed. Heavier components will settle at the bottom of the tube while lighter components will be at the top. This is the technique used to separate red blood cells from blood plasma.Sieving – this is…arrow_forward
- Introductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04)ChemistryISBN:9781938168390Author:Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark BlaserPublisher:OpenStax
- Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub CoChemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781337398909Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337399692/9781337399692_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337399425/9781337399425_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781938168390/9781938168390_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781337398909/9781337398909_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305957404/9781305957404_smallCoverImage.gif)