Chapter 17, Problem 1RD

To determine

The proofs for that there is no structure for the universe in large scales.

Answer to Problem 1RD

The Pencil-Beam survey states that the distance of $2000\text{Mpc}$ the universe is uniform and there is no defined structure for larger than $200\text{Mpc}$.

Explanation of Solution

The universe contains defined structure on various scales which varies from smaller scale systems like earth and solar systems to galaxies with millions of stars to extremely large structures contain billons of galaxies.

For a large scale the universe is considered to be as homogenous, which means one part will have good similarity than other parts.

According to Pencil-Beam survey, this homogeneity of the universe extending up to a distance of $2000\text{Mpc}$ in the case of large scale and there do not appear to be any structures larger than about $200\text{Mpc}$.

Conclusion:

Thus, the Pencil-Beam survey states that the distance of $2000\text{Mpc}$ the universe is uniform and there is no defined structure for larger than $200\text{Mpc}$.