The application of FISH in obtaining the telomeric chromosomes in the G 2 phase of the cell cycle. Introduction: Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH is the technique, which uses fluorescent probes or radioactive elements to diagnose and detect any chromosomal abnormality. For example, cancer cells are detected by this technique. Also, other abnormalities such as aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are detected by FISH.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: The application of FISH in obtaining the telomeric chromosomes in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

Introduction: Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH is the technique, which uses fluorescent probes or radioactive elements to diagnose and detect any chromosomal abnormality. For example, cancer cells are detected by this technique. Also, other abnormalities such as aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are detected by FISH.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Humans are the eukaryotic diploid organisms, in which 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes are present. The telomeres are the nucleotide sequences present at each end of the chromosome and will produce 92 dots in fluorescent in situ hybridization. In the G2 phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes prepare themselves for the division. Thus, the number of the chromosome will be doubled. Hence, the telomeres observed in the G2 phase will be increased in the number, that is, 184.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: The application of FISH in obtaining the telomeric chromosomes in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

Introduction: Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH is the technique, which uses fluorescent probes or radioactive elements to diagnose and detect any chromosomal abnormality. For example, cancer cells are detected by this technique. Also, other abnormalities such as aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are detected by FISH.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Humans are the eukaryotic diploid organisms, in which 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes are present. The telomeres are the nucleotide sequences present at each end of the chromosome and will produce 92 dots in fluorescent in situ hybridization. In the G2 phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes prepare themselves for the division. Thus, the number of the chromosome will be doubled. Hence, the telomeres observed in the G2 phase will be increased in the number, that is, 184.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: The application of FISH in obtaining the telomeric chromosomes in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

Introduction: Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH is the technique, which uses fluorescent probes or radioactive elements to diagnose and detect any chromosomal abnormality. For example, cancer cells are detected by this technique. Also, other abnormalities such as aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are detected by FISH.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Humans are the eukaryotic diploid organisms, in which 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes are present. The telomeres are the nucleotide sequences present at each end of the chromosome and will produce 92 dots in fluorescent in situ hybridization. In the G2 phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes prepare themselves for the division. Thus, the number of the chromosome will be doubled. Hence, the telomeres observed in the G2 phase will be increased in the number, that is, 184.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 17, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: The application of FISH in obtaining the telomeric chromosomes in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

Introduction: Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH is the technique, which uses fluorescent probes or radioactive elements to diagnose and detect any chromosomal abnormality. For example, cancer cells are detected by this technique. Also, other abnormalities such as aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are detected by FISH.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Humans are the eukaryotic diploid organisms, in which 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes are present. The telomeres are the nucleotide sequences present at each end of the chromosome and will produce 92 dots in fluorescent in situ hybridization. In the G2 phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes prepare themselves for the division. Thus, the number of the chromosome will be doubled. Hence, the telomeres observed in the G2 phase will be increased in the number, that is, 184.

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Answer 5

Chapter 17, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: The application of FISH in obtaining the telomeric chromosomes in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

Introduction: Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH is the technique, which uses fluorescent probes or radioactive elements to diagnose and detect any chromosomal abnormality. For example, cancer cells are detected by this technique. Also, other abnormalities such as aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are detected by FISH.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Humans are the eukaryotic diploid organisms, in which 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes are present. The telomeres are the nucleotide sequences present at each end of the chromosome and will produce 92 dots in fluorescent in situ hybridization. In the G2 phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes prepare themselves for the division. Thus, the number of the chromosome will be doubled. Hence, the telomeres observed in the G2 phase will be increased in the number, that is, 184.

Answer 6

Chapter 17, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: The application of FISH in obtaining the telomeric chromosomes in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

Introduction: Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH is the technique, which uses fluorescent probes or radioactive elements to diagnose and detect any chromosomal abnormality. For example, cancer cells are detected by this technique. Also, other abnormalities such as aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are detected by FISH.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Humans are the eukaryotic diploid organisms, in which 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes are present. The telomeres are the nucleotide sequences present at each end of the chromosome and will produce 92 dots in fluorescent in situ hybridization. In the G2 phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes prepare themselves for the division. Thus, the number of the chromosome will be doubled. Hence, the telomeres observed in the G2 phase will be increased in the number, that is, 184.

Answer 7

Chapter 17, Problem 1DA

Summary Introduction

To determine: The application of FISH in obtaining the telomeric chromosomes in the G₂ phase of the cell cycle.

Introduction: Fluorescent in situ hybridization or FISH is the technique, which uses fluorescent probes or radioactive elements to diagnose and detect any chromosomal abnormality. For example, cancer cells are detected by this technique. Also, other abnormalities such as aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are detected by FISH.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

Humans are the eukaryotic diploid organisms, in which 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes are present. The telomeres are the nucleotide sequences present at each end of the chromosome and will produce 92 dots in fluorescent in situ hybridization. In the G2 phase of a cell cycle, the chromosomes prepare themselves for the division. Thus, the number of the chromosome will be doubled. Hence, the telomeres observed in the G2 phase will be increased in the number, that is, 184.