1 Chemistry: The Study Of Change 2 Aroms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Mass Relationships In Chemical Reactions 4 Reactions In Aqueous Solutions 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Quantum Theory And The Electronic Structure Of Atoms 8 Periodic Relationships Among The Elements 9 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts 10 Chemical Bonding Ii: Molecular Geometry And Hybridization Of Atomic Orbitals 11 Intermolecular Forces And Liquids And Solids 12 Physical Properties Of Solutions 13 Chemical Kinetics 14 Chemical Equilibrium 15 Acids And Bases 16 Acid-base Equilibria And Solubility Equilibria 17 Entropy, Free Energy, And Equilibrium 18 Electrochemistry 19 Nuclear Chemistry 20 Chemistry In The Atmosphere 21 Metallurgy And The Chemistry Of Metals 22 Nonmetallic Elements And Their Compounds 23 Transition Metals Chemistry And Coordination Compounds 24 Organic Chemistry 25 Synthetic And Natural Organic Polymers expand_more
17.1 The Three Laws Of Thermodynamics 17.2 Spontaneous Processes 17.3 Entropy 17.4 The Second Law Of Thermodynamics 17.5 Gibbs Free Energy 17.6 Free Energy And Chemical Equilibrium 17.7 Thermodynamics In Living Systems Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 17.1QP: Explain what is meant by a spontaneous process. Give two examples each of spontaneous and... Problem 17.2QP: State which of the following processes are spontaneous and which are nonspontaneous: (a) dissolving... Problem 17.3QP Problem 17.4QP: Define entropy. What are the units of entropy? Problem 17.5QP: How does the entropy of a system change for each of the following processes? (a) A solid melts. (b)... Problem 17.7QP: State the second law of thermodynamics in words and express it mathematically. Problem 17.8QP: State the third law of thermodynamics and explain its usefulness in calculating entropy values. Problem 17.9QP: For each pair of substances listed here, choose the one having the larger standard entropy value at... Problem 17.10QP: Arrange the following substances (1 mole each) in order of increasing entropy at 25C: (a) Ne(g), (b)... Problem 17.11QP: Using the data in Appendix 2, calculate the standard entropy changes for the following reactions at... Problem 17.12QP: Using the data in Appendix 2, calculate the standard entropy changes for the following reactions at... Problem 17.13QP: Without consulting Appendix 2, predict whether the entropy change is positive or negative for each... Problem 17.14QP Problem 17.15QP: Define free energy. What are its units? Problem 17.16QP: Why is it more convenient to predict the direction of a reaction in terms of Gsys instead of Suniv?... Problem 17.17QP: Calculate G for the following reactions at 25C: (a) N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g) (b) H2O(l)H2O(g) (c)... Problem 17.18QP: Calculate G for the following reactions at 25C: (a) 2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s) (b) 2SO2(g)+O2(g)2SO3(g) (c)... Problem 17.19QP: From the values of H and S, predict which of the following reactions would be spontaneous at 25C:... Problem 17.20QP: Find the temperatures at which reactions with the following H and S values would become spontaneous:... Problem 17.21QP: Explain the difference between G and G. Problem 17.22QP: Explain why Equation (17.14). is of great importance in chemistry. Problem 17.23QP: Calculate KP for the following reaction at 25C: H2(g)+I2(g)2HI(g)G=2.60kJ/mol Problem 17.24QP: For the autoionization of water at 25C, H2O(l)H+(aq)+OH(aq) Kw is 1.0 1014. What is G for the... Problem 17.25QP: Consider the following reaction at 25C: Fe(OH)2(s)Fe2+(aq)+2OH(aq) Calculate G for the reaction. Ksp... Problem 17.26QP: Calculate G and KP for the following equilibrium reaction at 25C. 2H2O(g)2H2(g)+O2(g) Problem 17.27QP: (a) Calculate G and KP for the following equilibrium reaction at 25C. The Gf values are 0 for... Problem 17.28QP: The equilibrium constant (KP) for the reaction H2(g)+CO2(g)H2O(g)+CO(g) is 4.40 at 2000 K. (a)... Problem 17.29QP: Consider the decomposition of calcium carbonate: CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) Calculate the pressure in atm... Problem 17.30QP: The equilibrium constant KP for the reaction CO(g)+Cl2(g)COCl2(g) is 5.62 1035 at 25C. Calculate Gf... Problem 17.31QP: At 25C, G for the process H2O(l)H2O(g) is 8.6 kJ/mol. Calculate the vapor pressure of water at this... Problem 17.32QP: Calculate G for the process C(diamond)C(graphite) Is the formation of graphite from diamond favored... Problem 17.33QP: What is a coupled reaction? What is its importance in biological reactions? Problem 17.34QP: What is the role of ATP in biological reactions? Problem 17.35QP: Referring to the metabolic process involving glucose in Section 17.7, calculate the maximum number... Problem 17.36QP: In the metabolism of glucose, the first step is the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate:... Problem 17.37QP: Explain the following nursery rhyme in terms of the second law of thermodynamics. Humpty Dumpty sat... Problem 17.38QP: Calculate G for the reaction H2O(l)H+(aq)+OH(aq) at 25C for the following conditions: (a)... Problem 17.39QP: Calculate the Ssoln for the following processes: (a) NH4NO3(s)NH4+(aq)+NO3(aq)and (b)... Problem 17.40QP: The following reaction is spontaneous at a certain temperature T. Predict the sign of Ssurr. Problem 17.41QP: Which of the following thermodynamic functions are associated only with the first law of... Problem 17.42QP: A student placed 1 g of each of three compounds A, B, and C in a container and found that after 1... Problem 17.43QP: Use the data in Appendix 2 to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction... Problem 17.44QP: Predict the signs of H, S, and G of the system for the following processes at 1 atm: (a) ammonia... Problem 17.45QP Problem 17.46QP: Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) dissolves spontaneously and endothermically in water. What can you deduce... Problem 17.47QP: Calculate the equilibrium pressure of CO2 due to the decomposition of barium carbonate (BaCO3) at... Problem 17.48QP Problem 17.49QP Problem 17.50QP: Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) are polluting gases contained in automobile exhaust.... Problem 17.51QP Problem 17.52QP: Use the thermodynamic data in Appendix 2 to calculate the Ksp of AgCl. Problem 17.53QP: Consider the reaction A B + C at 298 K. Given that the forward rate constant (kf) is 0.46 s1 and... Problem 17.54QP: The Ksp of AgCl is given in Table 16.2. What is its value at 60C? [Hint: You need the result of... Problem 17.55QP Problem 17.56QP: Water gas, a mixture of H2 and CO, is a fuel made by reacting steam with red-hot coke (a by-product... Problem 17.57QP: Consider the following Brnstead acid-base reaction at 25C: HF(aq)+Cl(aq)HCl(aq)+F(aq) (a) Predict... Problem 17.58QP: Crystallization of sodium acetate from a supersaturated solution occurs spontaneously (see Section... Problem 17.59QP Problem 17.60QP: A certain reaction is spontaneous at 72C. If the enthalpy change for the reaction is 19 kJ/mol, what... Problem 17.61QP: Predict whether the entropy change is positive or negative for each of these reactions: (a)... Problem 17.62QP: 17.62The reaction NH3(g)+HCl(g)NH4Cl(s) proceeds spontaneously at 25C even though there is a... Problem 17.63QP Problem 17.64QP: The molar heat of vaporization of ethanol is 39.3 kJ/mol and the boiling point of ethanol is 78.3C.... Problem 17.65QP Problem 17.66QP: In the Mond process for the purification of nickel, carbon monoxide is reacted with heated nickel to... Problem 17.67QP: Calculate G and KP for the following processes at 25C: (a) H2(g)+Br2(l)2HBr(g) (b)... Problem 17.68QP: Calculate the pressure of O2 (in atm) over a sample of NiO at 25C if G = 212 kJ/mol for the reaction... Problem 17.69QP Problem 17.70QP Problem 17.71QP: Consider the reaction N2(g)+O2(g)2NO(g) Given that G for the reaction at 25C is 173.4 kJ/mol, (a)... Problem 17.72QP Problem 17.73QP Problem 17.74QP Problem 17.75QP Problem 17.76QP Problem 17.77QP Problem 17.78QP Problem 17.79QP Problem 17.80QP Problem 17.81QP Problem 17.82QP Problem 17.83QP Problem 17.84QP Problem 17.85QP: Shown here are the thermodynamic data for ethanol: Hf(kJ/mol) S(J/K mol) Liquid 276.98 161.0 Vapor... Problem 17.86QP: The reaction shown here is spontaneous at a certain temperature T. What is the sign of Ssurr? Problem 17.87QP: Consider two carboxylic acids (acids that contain the COOH group): CH3COOH (acetic acid, Ka = 1.8 ... Problem 17.88QP: Many hydrocarbons exist as structural isomers, which are compounds that have the same molecular... Problem 17.89QP: Use the thermodynamic data in Appendix 2 to determine the normal boiling point of liquid bromine.... Problem 17.91QP: A rubber band is stretched vertically by attaching a weight to one end and holding the other end by... Problem 17.92QP: One of the steps in the extraction of iron from its ore (FeO) is the reduction of iron(II) oxide by... Problem 17.93QP: Derive the equation G=RTln(Q/K) where Q is the reaction quotient and describe how you would use it... Problem 17.94QP: The sublimation of carbon dioxide at 78C is CO2(s)CO2(g)Hsub=62.4kJ/mol Calculate Ssub when 84.8 g... Problem 17.95QP: Entropy has sometimes been described as times arrow because it is the property that determines the... Problem 17.96QP: Referring to Figure 17.1, we see that the probability of finding all 100 molecules in the same bulb... Problem 17.97QP: A student looked up the Gf, Hf, and S values for CO2 in Appendix 2. Plugging these values into... Problem 17.98QP: Consider the following reaction at 298 K: 2H2(g)+O2(g)2H2O(l)H=571.6kJ/mol Calculate Ssys, Ssurr,... Problem 17.99QP: As an approximation, we can assume that proteins exist either in the native (or physiologically... Problem 17.100QP: Which of the following are not state functions: S, H, q, w, T? Problem 17.101QP: Which of the following is not accompanied by an increase in the entropy of the system: (a) mixing of... Problem 17.102QP: Hydrogenation reactions (for example, the process of converting CC bonds to CC bonds in food... Problem 17.103QP: Give a detailed example of each of the following, with an explanation: (a) a thermodynamically... Problem 17.104QP: At 0 K, the entropy of carbon monoxide crystal is not zero but has a value of 4.2 J/K mol, called... Problem 17.105QP: Comment on the correctness of the analogy sometimes used to relate a students dormitory room... Problem 17.106QP: The standard enthalpy of formation and the standard entropy of gaseous benzene are 82.93 kJ/mol and... Problem 17.107QP: In chemistry, the standard state for as solution is 1 M (see Table17.2). This means that each solute... Problem 17.108QP: The following diagram shows the variation of the equilibrium constant with temperature for the... Problem 17.109QP: Consider the gas-phase reaction between A2 (green) and B2 (red) to form AB at 298 K:... Problem 17.110QP: The KP for the reaction N2+3H22NH3 is 2.4 103 at 720C. What is the minimum partial pressure of N2... Problem 17.111QP: The table shown here lists the ion-product constant (Kw) of water at several temperatures. Determine... Problem 17.112QP: Draw the missing distributions in Figure 17.2. (Hint: See the footnote in Section 17.3.) Figure... Problem 17.113QP: The reaction NH3(g)+HCl(g)NH4Cl(s) is spontaneous at room temperature (see Figure 5.20). Estimate... Problem 17.114QP: The boiling point of diethyl ether is 34.6C. Estimate (a) its molar heat of vaporization and (b) its... Problem 17.115QP: Nicotine is the compound in tobacco responsible for addiction to smoking. While most of the nicotine... Problem 17.116QP: Estimate S for the process depicted in Figure 17.1(a). if the apparatus contained 20 molecules in... Problem 17.117QP: At what point in the series HOnH(g) (n = 1, 2, 3, ) does formation of the compound from the elements... format_list_bulleted
Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
General Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning
Principles of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Chemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781337398909Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage Learning