Using the value of change in entropy of the universe (ΔS univ ) , the nature of the given process has to be explained. Concept Introduction: Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity, which is the measure of randomness in a system. The term entropy is useful in explaining the spontaneity of a process. The second law of thermodynamics says that entropy of the universe is increasing. The change in entropy in the universe (ΔS univ ) is given by the summation of entropy change in the system (ΔS sys ) and surroundings (ΔS surr ) . ΔS univ =ΔS sys +ΔS surr ΔS sys associated with a phase transition reaction can be found by the following equation. ΔS sys = ΔΗ sys T Where, ΔΗ sys is the change in enthalpy of the system T is the absolute value of the temperature ΔS surr associated with a phase transition reaction can be found by the following equation. ΔS surr = -ΔΗ sys T
Using the value of change in entropy of the universe (ΔS univ ) , the nature of the given process has to be explained. Concept Introduction: Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity, which is the measure of randomness in a system. The term entropy is useful in explaining the spontaneity of a process. The second law of thermodynamics says that entropy of the universe is increasing. The change in entropy in the universe (ΔS univ ) is given by the summation of entropy change in the system (ΔS sys ) and surroundings (ΔS surr ) . ΔS univ =ΔS sys +ΔS surr ΔS sys associated with a phase transition reaction can be found by the following equation. ΔS sys = ΔΗ sys T Where, ΔΗ sys is the change in enthalpy of the system T is the absolute value of the temperature ΔS surr associated with a phase transition reaction can be found by the following equation. ΔS surr = -ΔΗ sys T
Solution Summary: The author explains that entropy is a thermodynamic quantity, which is useful in explaining the spontaneity of the process.
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
Chapter 17, Problem 17.81QP
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
Using the value of change in entropy of the universe (ΔSuniv), the nature of the given process has to be explained.
Concept Introduction:
Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity, which is the measure of randomness in a system. The term entropy is useful in explaining the spontaneity of a process. The second law of thermodynamics says that entropy of the universe is increasing. The change in entropy in the universe (ΔSuniv) is given by the summation of entropy change in the system (ΔSsys) and surroundings (ΔSsurr).
ΔSuniv=ΔSsys+ΔSsurr
ΔSsys associated with a phase transition reaction can be found by the following equation.
ΔSsys=ΔΗsysT
Where,
ΔΗsys is the change in enthalpy of the system
T is the absolute value of the temperature
ΔSsurr associated with a phase transition reaction can be found by the following equation.
(a
4 shows scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of extruded
actions of packing bed for two capillary columns of different diameters,
al 750 (bottom image) and b) 30-μm-i.d. Both columns are packed with the
same stationary phase, spherical particles with 1-um diameter.
A) When the columns were prepared, the figure shows that the column with
the larger diameter has more packing irregularities. Explain this observation.
B) Predict what affect this should have on band broadening and discuss your
prediction using the van Deemter terms.
C) Does this figure support your explanations in application question 33?
Explain why or why not and make any changes in your answers in light of
this figure.
Figure 4 SEM images of
sections of packed columns
for a) 750 and b) 30-um-i.d.
capillary columns.³
fcrip
= ↓ bandwidth Il temp
32. What impact (increase, decrease, or no change) does each of the following conditions have on the individual
components of the van Deemter equation and consequently, band broadening?
Increase temperature
Longer column
Using a gas mobile phase
instead of liquid
Smaller particle stationary phase
Multiple Paths
Diffusion
Mass Transfer
34. Figure 3 shows Van Deemter plots for a solute molecule using different column inner diameters (i.d.).
A) Predict whether decreasing the column inner diameters increase or decrease bandwidth.
B) Predict which van Deemter equation coefficient (A, B, or C) has the greatest effect on increasing or
decreasing bandwidth as a function of i.d. and justify your answer.
Figure 3 Van Deemter plots for hydroquinone using different column inner diameters (i.d. in μm). The data was
obtained from liquid chromatography experiments using fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.0-μm particles.
35
20
H(um)
큰 20
15
90
0+
1500
100
75
550
01
02
594
05
μ(cm/sec)
30
15
10
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