Concept explainers
Videos
Introduction:
Autoimmune diseases are the outcome of effector T-cells and the antibodies that attack healthy tissues as if they were pathogen infected. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system is not able to distinguish between self and non-self cells. Once an autoimmune response begins it generally continues throughout the life of the patient.
Answer to Problem 1Q
Correct answer:
The correct answer is option (b).
Explanation of Solution
Explanation/justification for the correct answer:
Option (b) Graves's disease: receptor antagonistic antibodies. This is a mismatched pair because the autoantigen in Graves' disease is thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. The receptor antagonistic antibodies block the receptors and weaken the biological responses while in Graves' disease; thyroxine hormone is produced in large amounts. So, the correct answer is option (b).
Explanation for the incorrect answer:
Option (a) multiple sclerosis: demyelination in CNS (central nervous system). In multiple sclerosis myelin sheaths of nerve cells is attacked by effector cells to produce demyelinated nervous tissues in the white matter of CNS. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (c) myasthenia gravis: pyridostigmine drug treatment. The signaling at the neuromuscular junction from nerve to the muscle is impaired in this autoimmune disease. The drug pyridostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis as it prevents the degradation of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (d) Hashimoto's disease: ectopic lymphoid tissue. A distinctive feature of Hashimoto disease is the formation of an ectopic lymphoid tissue which permits intensification of the autoimmune response that exacerbates this disease. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (e) ectodermal dystrophy: hair, fingernail, and teeth abnormalities. The manifestations of ectodermal dystrophy are abnormalities of hair, fingernail, and teeth. This disease is caused due to loss of tolerance of T-cells. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (f) immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked syndrome: require hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Children with this syndrome suffer from recurrent infections that aggravate the autoimmunities. The infants are transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells from siblings which are HLA (human leukocyte antigen) identical. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Option (g) almost all autoimmune disease: association with HLA complex. Autoimmune disease occurs through a combination of developmental, environmental, and genetic factors. The genetic susceptibility is determined by HLA type in about most of the autoimmune diseases. So, this is an incorrect answer.
Graves' disease is not associated with antagonistic antibodies receptors. Hence, the correct answer is option (b).
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 16 Solutions
IMMUNE SYSTEM-W/CASE STUDIES (2 BOOKS)
- Describe and give a specific example of how successionary stage is related to species diversity?arrow_forwardExplain down bellow what happens to the cell in pictures not in words: Decreased pH in mitochondria Increased ATP Decreased pH in cytosol Increased hydrolysis Decreasing glycogen and triglycerides Increased MAP kinase activity Poor ion transport → For each one:→ What normally happens?→ What is wrong now?→ How does it mess up the cell?arrow_forward1.) Community Diversity: The brown and orange line represent two different plant communities. a. Which color represents the community with a higher species richness? b. Which color represents the community with a higher species evenness? Relative abundance 0.1 0.04 0.001 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Rank abundance c. What is the maximum value of the Simpson's diversity index (remember, Simpson's index is D = p², Simpson's diversity index is 1-D)? d. If the Simpson's diversity index equals 1, what does that mean about the number of species and their relative abundance within community being assessed?arrow_forward
- 1.) Community Diversity: The brown and orange line represent two different plant communities. a. Which color represents the community with a higher species richness? b. Which color represents the community with a higher species evenness? Relative abundance 0.1 0.04 0.001 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Rank abundance c. What is the maximum value of the Simpson's diversity index (remember, Simpson's index is D = p², Simpson's diversity index is 1-D)? d. If the Simpson's diversity index equals 1, what does that mean about the number of species and their relative abundance within community being assessed?arrow_forwardwhat measures can a mother to take to improve the produce of her to milk to her newborn baby ?arrow_forward1. Color the line that represents all ancestors of the Eastern white pine tree green (but only the ancestral line NOT shared with other organisms) 2. Oncle the last common ancestor of the Colorado blue spruce tree and Eastern white pine tree. 3. Put a box around the last common ancestor of the sugar maple tree and the dogwood tree. 4. Put a triangle around the last common ancestor of the red pine tree and the american holly bush. 5. Color the line that represents all ancestors of the Ponderosa pine tree red (including all shared ancestors). 6. Color the line that represents all ancestors of the American elm tree blue (including all shared ancestors). 7 Color the line that represents all ancestors of the Sabal palm tree purple (including all shared ancestors) 8. Using a yellow highlighter or colored pencil, circle the clade that includes all pine trees. 9. Using a orange highlighter or colored pencil, circle the clade that includes all gymnosperms 10. Can you tell…arrow_forward
- You have been hired as a public relations specialist to give invertebrates a good name. After all, they are much more than just creepy crawly bugs! Your first task though is to convince yourself that is true. The best way to do that is to start close to home. Find something in your house that is a product obtained directly from an invertebrate or only due to an invertebrate’s actions. Describe the product, its function and utility, as well as any human manufactured alternatives. Be sure to highlight the advantages of obtaining this directly from nature. Keep in mind, a product can be something you use, wear, eat, or enjoy for its visual appeal.arrow_forwardUse the following tree diagram to answer Questions #8-10. 8) Which of the following two animals are the most closely related based on the tree to the left? a) Pig and camel b) Hippo and pig c) Deer and cow 9) CIRCLE on the tree diagram where the common ancestor between a hippo and a cow is. 10) Put a SQUARE on the tree diagram where the common ancestor between a pig and a peccary is.arrow_forwardExplain: Healthy Cell Function Overview→ Briefly describe how a healthy cell usually works: metabolism (ATP production), pH balance, glycogen storage, ion transport, enzymes, etc. Gene Mutation and Genetics Part→ Focus on the autosomal recessive mutation and explain: How gene mutation affects the cell. How autosomal inheritance works. Compare the normal and mutated gene sequences simply. → Talk about possible consequences of a faulty hydrolytic enzyme.arrow_forward
- Can you fill out those termsarrow_forwardExplain down bellow what happens to the cell: Decreased pH in mitochondria Increased ATP Decreased pH in cytosol Increased hydrolysis Decreasing glycogen and triglycerides Increased MAP kinase activity Poor ion transport → For each one:→ What normally happens?→ What is wrong now?→ How does it mess up the cell?arrow_forwardAn 1100 pound equine patient was given 20 mg/kg sucralfate 3 times a day, 2.8 mg/kg famotidine twice a day, and 10mg/kg doxycycline twice a day. Sucralfate comes as a 1 gm tablet, famotidine as 20 mg tablets, and doxycycline as 100mg tablets. All are in bottles of 100 tablets.How many total mg are needed for the patient and how many tablets of each would be needed to provide each dose?How many bottles of each would be needed to have available if this patient were to be on this drug regimen for 5 days?arrow_forward
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSON
Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education