
For each of the terms in the left column, choose the best matching phrase in the right column.
a. | basal factors | 1. | organizes enhancer/promoter interactions |
a. | repressors | 2. | pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele |
a. | CpG | 3. | activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically |
a. | imprinting | 4. | site of DNA methylation |
a. | miRNA | 5. | identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors |
a. | coactivators | 6. | bind to enhancers |
a. | epigenetic effect | 7. | bind to promoters |
a. | insulator | 8. | bind to activators |
a. | enhancer | 9. | prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally |
a. | ChIP-Seq | 10. | heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation |

a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “basal factors” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Basal transcription factors are a group of general transcription factors that play a key role in the process of transcription.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Basal factors: Bind to promoters
Explanation of Solution
Basal factors are classified as sequence specific proteins. These factors bind to the promoters and influences the process of transcription.

b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “repressors” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Repressors are a type of transcription factors that bind to enhancers and inhibit the process of transcription.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Repressors: Bind to enhancers
Explanation of Solution
Repressors are the transcription factors present in eukaryotes. They bind to the enhancers and prevent transcription initiation.

c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “CpG” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Almost 70 to 80% of cytosines present in CpG islands are methylated. The process of mehtlyation incase of CpG islands is mediated by DNA methyltransferase.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
CpG: Site of DNA methylation
Explanation of Solution
CpG dinucleotide is the site of methylation. Here the methyl group is added at the 5th carbon of the cytosine base on one strand of double helix DNA.

d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “imprinting” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Impriting is the term that is majorily concerned with the branch of biology called epigenetics.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Imprinting: Pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
Explanation of Solution
Genome imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon in which allele expression depends on the parent that transmits it. In this phenomenon, the copy of the gene from one parent remains transcriptionally inactive, whereas the copy of the gene from other parent remains active.

e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “miRNA” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
miRNA or microRNA play a significant role in the process of post transcriptional gene silencing and gene regulation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
miRNA: Prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
Explanation of Solution
The miRNAs are the negative regulators of target mRNAs. As a result, they block the translation of mRNA and destabilizes it.

f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “coactivators” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Coactivator functions as a regulator and bind to activators to enhance the process of transcription.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Coactivators: Bind to activators
Explanation of Solution
Coactivators are the proteins that bind to the activators and open chromatin structure for gene transcription.

g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “epigenetic effect” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Epigentics deals with changes in the expression of the gene and epigenetic effect does not involve the role underlying DNA sequence.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Epigenetic effect: Heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation.
Explanation of Solution
The epigenetic effect is observed in mammals especially in humans. It is the phenomenon in which the base sequence of DNA does not change. DNA methylation is responsible for altering the gene expression.

h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “insulator” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Insulators function as sites for the binding of specific DNA binding proteins. These insulators may function as enhancer blocker.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Insulator: Organizes enhancer/promoter interactions.
Explanation of Solution
Insulators are the DNA elements which help in the interaction of enhancer and a promoter that are present in the same loop. Insulators are the elements of DNA which form a loop from chromatin.

i.
To determine:
To determine:
The phrase that describes “enhancer” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Enhancers are specific region of DNA which increase the rate of transcription of a specific gene.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Enhancer: Activates gene transcription temporal-and tissue-specifically
Explanation of Solution
Enhancers are cis-acting sequences which control the gene regulation and have many binding sites for different activators and repressors. Therefore, they are responsible for tissue and temporal specific gene transcription.

j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “Chip-Seq” among the options given below.
1. organizes enhancer/promoter interactions
2. pattern of expression depends on which parent transmitted the allele
3. activates gene transcription temporal- and tissue-specifically
4. site of DNA methylation
5. identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
6. bind to enhancers
7. bind to promoters
8. bind to activators
9. prevents or reduces gene expression posttranscriptionally
10. heritable change in gene expression not caused by DNA sequence mutation
Introduction:
Chip-Seq is sequencing methodology that can be used to determine the presence of transcription factors in the genome.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
ChIP-Seq: Identifies DNA-binding sites of transcription factors
Explanation of Solution
Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) is a technique which helps in the identification of target genes belonging to a specific transcription factor. The specific antibody identifies the target gene that regulates specific transcription factors.
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