Chapter 16, Problem 16.119P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The shape around the C-1 and the hybridization of C-1 in ethyl iodide has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Molecular geometry: The term molecular geometry refers to the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule by which the molecule is occupying in space with all its surrounding atoms or ions and/or lone pair of electrons.

Hybridization is the phenomenon of intermixing of the atomic orbitals of different energy that results in the formation of a new set of hybrid orbitals which have equivalent energies. The various types of atomic orbitals are: s, p, and d orbitals. Types of hybridization that involves s, p and d orbitals are $\text{sp,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{d,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{3}}.$

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The shape around the C-1 and the hybridization of C-1 in transition state has to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

Molecular geometry: The term molecular geometry refers to the 3-dimensional shape of the molecule by which the molecule is occupying in space with all its surrounding atoms or ions and/or lone pair of electrons.

Hybridization is the phenomenon of intermixing of the atomic orbitals of different energy that results in the formation of a new set of hybrid orbitals which have equivalent energies. The various types of atomic orbitals are: s, p, and d orbitals. Types of hybridization that involves s, p and d orbitals are $\text{sp,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}\text{d,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{2}}\text{,}{\text{sp}}^{\text{3}}{\text{d}}^{\text{3}}.$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

While the reaction is run with one of the isomers, the ethyl iodide is not optically active; the reason has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Optical isomerism of substituted alkanes:

Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images. The carbon atom attached with four different substituents or group of atoms is known as chiral centre/ asymmetric carbon.