Chemistry: A Molecular Approach & Student Solutions Manual for Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Books a la Carte Edition Package
1st Edition
ISBN: 9780321955517
Author: Nivaldo J. Tro
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 16, Problem 146E
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation: The solubility of
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On the next page is an LC separation of the parabens found in baby wash. Parabens are
suspected in a link to breast cancer therefore an accurate way to quantitate them is desired.
a. In the chromatogram, estimate k' for ethyl paraben. Clearly indicate what values you used for
all the terms in your calculation.
b. Is this a "good" value for a capacity factor? Explain.
c. What is the resolution between n-Propyl paraben and n-Butyl paraben? Again, indicate clearly
what values you used in your calculation.
MAU
| Methyl paraben
40
20
0
-2
Ethyl paraben n-Propyl paraben
n-Butyl paraben
App ID 22925
6
8
min
d. In Figure 4, each stationary phase shows some negative correlation between plate count
and retention factor. In other words, as k' increases, N decreases. Explain this relationship
between k' and N.
Plate Count (N)
4000
3500
2500
2000
1500
1000
Figure 4. Column efficiency (N) vs retention factor (k') for 22
nonionizable solutes on FMS (red), PGC (black), and COZ (green). 3000
Eluent compositions (acetonitrile/water, A/W) were adjusted to obtain
k' less than 15, which was achieved for most solutes as follows: FMS
(30/70 A/W), PGC (60/40), COZ (80/20). Slightly different
compositions were used for the most highly retained solutes. All
columns were 50 mm × 4.6 mm id and packed with 5 um particles,
except for COZ, which was packed with 3 um particles. All other
chromatographic conditions were constant: column length 5 cm,
column j.§. 4.6 mm, flow rate 2 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C,
and injection volume 0.5 μL
Log(k'x/K'ethylbenzene)
FMS
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
ཐྭ ཋ ཤྩ བྷྲ ;
500
0
5
10…
f. Predict how the van Deemter curve in Figure 7
would change if the temperature were raised
from 40 °C to 55 °C.
Figure 7. van Desmter curves in reduced coordinates for four
nitroalkane homologues (nitropropane, black; nitrobutane, red;
nitropentane, blue; and nitrohexane, green) separated on the FMS
phase. Chromatographic conditions: column dimensions 50 mm × 4.6
mm id, eluent 30/70 ACN/water, flow rates 0.2-5.0 mL/min, injection
volume 0.5 and column temperature 40 °C. No corrections to the
plate heights have been made to account for extracolumn dispersion.
Reduced Plate Height (h)
°
20
40
60
Reduced Velocity (v)
8. (2) A water sample is analyzed for traces of benzene using headspace analysis. The sample and
standard are spiked with a fixed amount of toluene as an internal standard. The following data are
obtained:
Ppb benzene
Peak area benzene
Peak area toluene
10.0
252
376
Sample
533
368
What is the concentration of benzene in the sample?
Chapter 16 Solutions
Chemistry: A Molecular Approach & Student Solutions Manual for Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, Books a la Carte Edition Package
Ch. 16 - Prob. 1SAQCh. 16 - Q2. What is the pH of a buffer that is 0.120 M in...Ch. 16 - Q3. A buffer with a pH of 9.85 contains CH3NH2 and...Ch. 16 - Q4. A 500.0-mL buffer solution is 0.10 M in...Ch. 16 - Q5. Consider a buffer composed of the weak acid HA...Ch. 16 - Q6. Which combination is the best choice to...Ch. 16 - Q7. A 25.0-mL sample of an unknown HBr solution is...Ch. 16 - Q8. A 10.0-mL sample of 0.200 M hydrocyanic acid...Ch. 16 - Q9. A 20.0-mL sample of 0.150 M ethylamine is...Ch. 16 - Q10. Three 15.0-mL acid samples—0.10 M HA, 0.10 M...
Ch. 16 - Q11. A weak unknown monoprotic acid is titrated...Ch. 16 - Q12. Calculate the molar solubility of lead(II)...Ch. 16 - Q13. Calculate the molar solubility of magnesium...Ch. 16 - Q14. A solution is 0.025 M in Pb2 +. What minimum...Ch. 16 - Q15. Which compound is more soluble in an acidic...Ch. 16 - 1. What is the pH range of human blood? How is...Ch. 16 - 2. What is a buffer? How does a buffer work? How...Ch. 16 - 3. What is the common ion effect?
Ch. 16 - 4. What is the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, and...Ch. 16 - 5. What is the pH of a buffer solution when the...Ch. 16 - 6. Suppose that a buffer contains equal amounts of...Ch. 16 - 7. How do you use the Henderson–Hasselbalch...Ch. 16 - 8. What factors influence the effectiveness of a...Ch. 16 - 9. What is the effective pH range of a buffer...Ch. 16 - 10. Describe acid–base titration. What is the...Ch. 16 - 11. The pH at the equivalence point of the...Ch. 16 - 12. The volume required to reach the equivalence...Ch. 16 - 13. In the titration of a strong acid with a...Ch. 16 - 14. In the titration of a weak acid with a strong...Ch. 16 - 15. The titration of a polyprotic acid with...Ch. 16 - 16. In the titration of a polyprotic acid, the...Ch. 16 - 17. What is the difference between the endpoint...Ch. 16 - 18. What is an indicator? How can an indicator...Ch. 16 - 19. What is the solubility product constant? Write...Ch. 16 - 20. What is molar solubility? How can you obtain...Ch. 16 - 21. How does a common ion affect the solubility of...Ch. 16 - 22. How is the solubility of an ionic compound...Ch. 16 - 23. For a given solution containing an ionic...Ch. 16 - 24. What is selective precipitation? Under which...Ch. 16 - 25. What is qualitative analysis? How does...Ch. 16 - 26. What are the main groups in the general...Ch. 16 - 27. In which of these solutions will HNO2 ionize...Ch. 16 - 28. A formic acid solution has a pH of 3.25. Which...Ch. 16 - 29. Solve an equilibrium problem (using an ICE...Ch. 16 - 30. Solve an equilibrium problem (using an ICE...Ch. 16 - 31. Calculate the percent ionization of a 0.15 M...Ch. 16 - 32. Calculate the percent ionization of a 0.13 M...Ch. 16 - 33. Solve an equilibrium problem (using an ICE...Ch. 16 - 34. Solve an equilibrium problem (using an ICE...Ch. 16 - 35. A buffer contains significant amounts of...Ch. 16 - 36. A buffer contains significant amounts of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 37ECh. 16 - Prob. 38ECh. 16 - 39. Use the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation to...Ch. 16 - 40. Use the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation to...Ch. 16 - 41. Calculate the pH of the solution that results...Ch. 16 - 42. Calculate the pH of the solution that results...Ch. 16 - 43. Calculate the ratio of NaF to HF required to...Ch. 16 - 44. Calculate the ratio of CH3NH2 to CH3NH3Cl...Ch. 16 - Prob. 45ECh. 16 - 46. What mass of ammonium chloride should you add...Ch. 16 - 47. A 250.0-mL buffer solution is 0.250 M in...Ch. 16 - 48. A 100.0-mL buffer solution is 0.175 M in HClO...Ch. 16 - Prob. 49ECh. 16 - 50. For each solution, calculate the initial and...Ch. 16 - Prob. 51ECh. 16 - 52. A 100.0-mL buffer solution is 0.100 M in NH3...Ch. 16 - 53. Determine whether or not the mixing of each...Ch. 16 - 54. Determine whether or not the mixing of each...Ch. 16 - 55. Blood is buffered by carbonic acid and the...Ch. 16 - 56. The fluids within cells are buffered by H2PO4–...Ch. 16 - 57. Which buffer system is the best choice to...Ch. 16 - Prob. 58ECh. 16 - 59. A 500.0-mL buffer solution is 0.100 M in HNO2...Ch. 16 - Prob. 60ECh. 16 - Prob. 61ECh. 16 - 62. Two 25.0-mL samples, one 0.100 M HCl and the...Ch. 16 - 63. Two 20.0-mL samples, one 0.200 M KOH and the...Ch. 16 - 64. The graphs labeled (a) and (b) show the...Ch. 16 - 65. Consider the curve shown here for the...Ch. 16 - 66. Consider the curve shown here for the...Ch. 16 - 67. Consider the titration of a 35.0-mL sample of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 68ECh. 16 - 69. Consider the titration of a 25.0-mL sample of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 70ECh. 16 - 71. Consider the titration of a 20.0-mL sample of...Ch. 16 - Prob. 72ECh. 16 - Prob. 73ECh. 16 - Prob. 74ECh. 16 - Consider the titration curves (labeled a and b)...Ch. 16 - Prob. 76ECh. 16 - Prob. 77ECh. 16 - 78. A 0.446-g sample of an unknown monoprotic acid...Ch. 16 - Prob. 79ECh. 16 - Prob. 80ECh. 16 - Prob. 81ECh. 16 - Prob. 82ECh. 16 - Prob. 83ECh. 16 - 84. Referring to Table 17.1, pick an indicator for...Ch. 16 - Prob. 85ECh. 16 - Prob. 86ECh. 16 - 87. Refer to the Ksp values in Table 17.2 to...Ch. 16 - 88. Refer to the Ksp values in Table 17.2 to...Ch. 16 - 89. Use the given molar solubilities in pure water...Ch. 16 - Prob. 90ECh. 16 - Prob. 91ECh. 16 - Prob. 92ECh. 16 - 93. Refer to the Ksp value from Table 17.2 to...Ch. 16 - Prob. 94ECh. 16 - 95. Calculate the molar solubility of barium...Ch. 16 - Prob. 96ECh. 16 - Prob. 97ECh. 16 - Prob. 98ECh. 16 - Prob. 99ECh. 16 - Prob. 100ECh. 16 - Prob. 101ECh. 16 - Prob. 102ECh. 16 - Prob. 103ECh. 16 - Prob. 104ECh. 16 - Prob. 105ECh. 16 - Prob. 106ECh. 16 - Prob. 107ECh. 16 - Prob. 108ECh. 16 - Prob. 109ECh. 16 - Prob. 110ECh. 16 - Prob. 111ECh. 16 - Prob. 112ECh. 16 - 113. A 150.0-mL solution contains 2.05 g of sodium...Ch. 16 - Prob. 114ECh. 16 - Prob. 115ECh. 16 - Prob. 116ECh. 16 - Prob. 117ECh. 16 - 118. A 250.0-mL buffer solution initially contains...Ch. 16 - 119. In analytical chemistry, bases used for...Ch. 16 - Prob. 120ECh. 16 - Prob. 121ECh. 16 - Prob. 122ECh. 16 - Prob. 123ECh. 16 - Prob. 124ECh. 16 - Prob. 125ECh. 16 - Prob. 126ECh. 16 - Prob. 127ECh. 16 - Prob. 128ECh. 16 - Prob. 129ECh. 16 - Prob. 130ECh. 16 - 131. The Kb of hydroxylamine, NH2OH, is 1.10 ×...Ch. 16 - 132. A 0.867-g sample of an unknown acid requires...Ch. 16 - Prob. 133ECh. 16 - Prob. 134ECh. 16 - 135. What relative masses of dimethyl amine and...Ch. 16 - Prob. 136ECh. 16 - Prob. 137ECh. 16 - Prob. 138ECh. 16 - 139. Since soap and detergent action is hindered...Ch. 16 - 140. A 0.558-g sample of a diprotic acid with a...Ch. 16 - 141. When excess solid Mg(OH)2 is shaken with 1.00...Ch. 16 - Prob. 142ECh. 16 - Prob. 143ECh. 16 - Prob. 144ECh. 16 - Prob. 145ECh. 16 - Prob. 146ECh. 16 - Prob. 147ECh. 16 - 148. What amount of HCl gas must be added to 1.00...Ch. 16 - 149. Without doing any calculations, determine if...Ch. 16 - 150. A buffer contains 0.10 mol of a weak acid and...Ch. 16 - Prob. 151ECh. 16 - Prob. 152ECh. 16 - Prob. 153E
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