The ways of formation of joints.

Answer to Problem 1BYL
Joints can be developed in rocks at depths that may be then raised to the land surface. Certain joints might develop because of the expansion on cooling or due to the pressure released when the upliftment of rocks to the surface takes place. Exfoliation, in which the Earth is shaped and carved by erosion, can also cause formation of joints.
Explanation of Solution
The fractures or very thin cracks that developed in rocks with no considerable displacement are defined as joints. Joints aid in splitting the rocks into smaller fragments and also allow the penetration of water and roots into the rock and thus stimulate weathering.
Most of the joints might develop in rocks at depth and might be uplifted to the land surface later. The estimation of the physical and chemical weathering rates at the surface is possible through the study of alignment and spacing of pre-existent faults and joints. Joints that are more closely spaced can enhance faster weathering.
The expansion of rocks in response to cooling or the release of pressure owing to upliftment to the surface might result in the development of some joints. It may be hard to distinguish such expansion joints from the pre-existent joints that are formed as a part of other processes.
When erosion shapes the Earth, the resulting topography would cause stresses, which are built up due to the unloading of weight from the overlying rocks. Through unloading, expansion joints might develop that mimic landscapes and peel off fine sheets of rock; this process is entitled as exfoliation. These exfoliated landscapes also exhibit several joints.
Jointing may be exhibited on the landscape in several forms such as exfoliation joints, columnar joints, curved faces of rocks, natural stair steps, and dome-shaped landscapes.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 15 Solutions
PRINT UPGRADE-EXPLORING GEOLOGY
- 5. Use Figure 9.14 to draw a topographic profile along the X-Y line from Sugar Loaf Mountain to Bear Lake and mark the position of the Lake Fork stream. (Use only index contours.) 6. Describe the shape of Lake Fork Valley, based on your profile. 7. What glacial feature is Lake Fork Valley?arrow_forward7. The streamlined, asymmetrical hills composed of till, labeled B, are what type of feature? 8. Examine the shape of the features labeled B on the map in Figure 9.10. How can these features be used to determine the direction of ice flow in a glaciated area? 9. Using the features labeled B in Figure 9.10 as a guide, draw an arrow on the map to indicate the direction of ice movement that occurred in this region. 10. What is the likely location of the outwash plain on the map? Identify and label the area "outwash plain." (Hint: Refer to Figure 9.7.) 11. Label the area covered by ground moraine. 12. What term is applied to the numerous almost circular depressions designated with the letter C?arrow_forwardRabbit population over time which letter(A,B,or C) shows a growth period for the rabbit populationarrow_forward
- Activity 9.5 Depositional Features Associated with Ice Sheets Pgs 159-1611. After examining the map and stereogram, draw a line on the map to outline the area illustrated on the stereogram. 2. What evidence on the map indicates that portions of the area are poorly drained? On what part of the map are these features located? 3. Use Figure 9.11 to draw a topographic profile of the X-Y line on Figure 9.10. 4. Is the general topography of the land in Sections 7 and 8 in the northwest portion of the region higher or lower in elevation than the land around the letter A located near the center of the map? Is it more or less hilly? 5. Is the area that coincides with Kettle Moraine State Forest higher or lower in elevation than the land to the northwest and southeast? 6. The feature labeled A on the map is a long ridge composed of till. Is this ridge an esker, an end moraine, or a drumlin? 7. The streamlined, asymmetrical hills composed of till, labeled B, are what type of feature?The features…arrow_forwardA prairie has plenty of grass.The soil on the prairie provides all of the following except? A.nutrients that help the grass live and grow B.a place for the roots of the grass to take holdC. Water in pore spaces that the grass can absorb D. Energy that the grass needs to make its foodarrow_forwardtimeters (inches) (11) 25.0 (10) 22.5 (9) 20.0 (8) 17.5 (7) 15.0 (6) 12.5 (5) 10.0 (4) 7.5 (70) 16 (60) 10 (50) 4 (40) 0(32) (30) -18 (3) 5.0 (2) 2.5 (1) 0 25.0 (10) (70) 16 (60) 10 Temperature °C (°F) Temperature °C (°F) — 22.5 (9) (50) 20.0 (8) 17.5 17 15.0 4 (40) 0(32) -1 (30) -7 (6) (20) 12.5 -12 (5) (10) 10.0 -18 (0) (4) (0) -23 7.5 (-10) (3) -23 (-10) -29 5.0 -29 (-20) (2) (-20) -34 2.5 -34 (-30) (-30) -40 0 -40 (-40) J F M A M J JASOND (-40) Month Station: San Francisco, California Lat/long: 37°37' N 122°23' W Avg. Ann. Temp. Total Ann. Precip.: 14°C (57.2°F) 47.5 cm (18.7 in.) Elevation: 5 m (16.4 ft) Population: 777,000 Ann. Temp. Range: 9°C (16.2 F°) Ann. Hr of Sunshine: (a) J F M A M J JASOND Month 2975 Station: Sevilla, Spain Lat/long: 37°22' N 6°00' W Avg. Ann. Temp.: 18°C (64.4°F) Total Ann. Precip.: 55.9 cm (22 in.) (b) Elevation: 13 m (42.6 ft) Population: 683,000 Ann. Temp. Range: 16 C° (28.8 F°) Ann. Hr of Sunshine: 2862 With all graphs, we start with the question,…arrow_forward
- I need help with part A, B and Carrow_forwardDiscussion Question: Atmospheric Water & Weather A+ This chapter beautifully focuses on water from the small molecular scale to large-scale weather patterns. The surplus of heat at the equator and the deficit at the Poles drives our atmospheric instability. Instability is a good thing! Without the unstable conditions, there would not be any atmospheric motion. The overheating of the equator pumps atmospheric uplift. As the air rises into lower pressures, it expands and cools... adiabatic cooling! The air migrates north and south and becomes denser than the surrounding air and sinks. The sinking air enters higher pressures and creates the subtropical high pressures and adiabatic heating...whaaaa-la! We have Hadley Cells! Not to mention, the Rainforests and World's largest deserts too! We now can imagine the Hadley cells in three-dimensions. They more or less "sandwich" the equator during the spring and fall equinoxes. However, what happens in the summer and winter? mP Maritime polar…arrow_forwardUsing the map. Solve part e f garrow_forward
- Answer the below questions in detail using the attached pictures. Please ensure it is all 100% done by human, please do not use AI or chatgpt. using the provided hydraulic head data (attached spreadsheet), plot the values at their corresponding piezometer locations (attached piezometer map), contour the head data to create equipotential lines that allow you to demonstrate the groundwater flow direction, indicate the flow direction with arrows, provide comments/observations about the characteristics of the groundwater flow system, for example, are the equipotential lines equally spaced? If not, can you comment on why there are areas with close spacing and other areas with wide spacing? Are there any areas where the aquifer displays artesian conditions? If so, where?arrow_forwardPlease answer the question in detail. Please ensure it is 100% done by human, please do not use AI or chatgpt. Organize your spreadsheets carefully and make sure they are easy to follow. Make sure that your units are consistent, use SI units and make sure your graphs are clear and well labelled.arrow_forwardPlease answer each question in detail. Please ensure it is 100% done by human, please do not use AI or chatgpt.arrow_forward
- Applications and Investigations in Earth Science ...Earth ScienceISBN:9780134746241Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. TasaPublisher:PEARSONExercises for Weather & Climate (9th Edition)Earth ScienceISBN:9780134041360Author:Greg CarbonePublisher:PEARSONEnvironmental ScienceEarth ScienceISBN:9781260153125Author:William P Cunningham Prof., Mary Ann Cunningham ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
- Earth Science (15th Edition)Earth ScienceISBN:9780134543536Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. TasaPublisher:PEARSONEnvironmental Science (MindTap Course List)Earth ScienceISBN:9781337569613Author:G. Tyler Miller, Scott SpoolmanPublisher:Cengage LearningPhysical GeologyEarth ScienceISBN:9781259916823Author:Plummer, Charles C., CARLSON, Diane H., Hammersley, LisaPublisher:Mcgraw-hill Education,





