SCIENCE+ENGR.OF MTRLS.,SI ED.,ENHANCED
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780357447888
Author: ASKELAND
Publisher: CENGAGE L
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Textbook Question
Chapter 15, Problem 15.1P
What are the primary types of atomic bonds in ceramics?
Expert Solution & Answer
To determine
To discuss: The type of bonds in ceramics.
Explanation of Solution
A ceramics is a type of solid material that contains metals, non-metals, inorganic material, and metalloid atoms. The properties of ceramics material are hard, brittle, and resistant to heat and corrosion. Ceramics material is used for domestic as well as industrial applications. Also, they are used in arts. The example of ceramics is brick, porcelains, earthenware, etc.
The particles of ceramics are closely packed and strongly attached. So, in ceramics, the electronegativity properties of atoms give ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic bonding:
In ionic bonding, the valance electrons transfer between atoms which generate positive and negative chemical ions.
In the approach of bonding, there is a loss of metal in electron, and metal becomes positively charged ions, while non-metals accept the electron and become a negatively charged ion.
Covalent bonding:
The covalent bonding in ceramics arises by sharing of electrons between atoms. When the elements have the same periodic table position or near to the table position, the bond between elements arises by sharing electrons between atoms. This is called covalent bonding.
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University of Babylon
Collage of Engineering/
Al-Musayab
Department of Automobiles
Final Examination/ Stage: 3rd
Notes:
Answer 4 questions only
2023-2202
Subject: Theory of vehicles
Date: 2023\06\10-Saturday
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Problem 18-26
Added
Extension Springs
Spring Material
ASTM A227
Modulus of Elasticity of the Material in Shear: G 1.150E+07 psi
Average Service
Max Operating Load: F₁ =
100
lb
Max Length between attachment points: L₁ =
60.00 in
20.00 lb
26.00
1.400
Min Operating Load: F₁ =
Min Length between attachment points: L₁ =
Maximum Outside Diameter =
in
in
Results
Note: you select a wire diameter from the "US steel wire gage"
column in table 18-2
Formula
k =
AF/AL
k = (F0-F1)/(Lo - L₁)
Spring Rate: k =
lb/in
Assumed Trial Outside Diameter: OD =
Assumed Trial Mean: D ma
Assumed Design Stress in Spring: Tda
in
1.070
in
102,000 psi
Assumed Wahl Factor: K =
1.2
Calculated Wire Diameter: Dwa
Actual Wire Diameter: Dw
Actual outer diameter: OD =
Actual inner diameter: ID=
Spring Index: C =
See Figure 18-8
Dw=
[8KF Dm
πTd
1/3
in
5' 5' 5' 5'
This corresponds to US Steel 9 wire gage
ID = Dm - Dw
C = Dm/Dw
4C - 1
0.615
K =
+
4C
-
с
Wahl Factor: K =
8KFDm
8KFC
T =
TD
πD
Stress in Spring at F = Fo: To
psi…
CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN
Initial Input Data:
Application: Garage Door Opener
Drive type: AC Motor
Driven machine Chain and Sprocket to pull the door up
Degrees per Radian:
57.2958 degrees
Sprocket Diameter: D =
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Number of strands:
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Table 7-10
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10 25 50 100 180 200 300 500 700 900 1000 1:
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3.64 4.64 5.13
13
0.07 0.16 0.31 0.61 1.07 1.19 1.75 2.86 3.95
5.02 5.56
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Chain number:
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16
0.08 0.20 0.39 0.75 1.32 1.46 2.15 3.52
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Chapter 15 Solutions
SCIENCE+ENGR.OF MTRLS.,SI ED.,ENHANCED
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