Chapter 14, Problem 4SA

Summary Introduction

To describe:

The effects of nonsynonymous, synonymous, and nonsense mutations on a protein and the effects of small insertions or deletions in an open reading frame.

Concept introduction:

The unit of genetic code, which has three nucleotides that code for amino acids, is called codon. The $\text{mRNA}$ (messenger ribonucleic acid) gets attached to the ribosomal complex in the cytoplasm. The transfer $\text{RNA}$ conveys amino acids to the ribosomal complex where the pairing of an anticodon of $\text{tRNA}$ (transfer ribonucleic acid) takes place with the complementary codon of the messenger $\text{RNA}$.

Again, new amino acid is carried by the $\text{tRNA}$, which again binds to the complementary codon of $\text{mRNA}$. In this way, amino acids get linked to each other, forming the long chains of polypeptides.