
A brief comment on the phrase “scientific certainty”. Whether the phrase is an oxymoron or not or the scientific theories are to be considered as the absolute truth.

Answer to Problem 3CC
The phrase “scientific certainty” is an oxymoron since a new data is added to the knowledge base of science constantly with the passage of time.
Explanation of Solution
The natural world has a huge collection of knowledge which is still unknown to humans. There are many mysterious processes and events in the world whose reasons cannot be explained yet. As time goes, technology is progressing at an alarming rate and thus, the new information added to the scientific field updates every day.
The information about the world constantly changes with the addition of new observations and data to the knowledge base. In the presence of the newly available data, it becomes inevitable and mandatory to recheck the scientific hypotheses, theories, and facts. In case of any inconsistency, they have to be updated and reframed. If some facts are proven wrong in the future, they have to be discarded.
As far as the addition of new information continues, the presently believed and proven scientific truths may be subjected to the changes in the future. Therefore, the phrase “scientific certainty” is an oxymoron.
As time passes, the scientific statements would be a series of increasingly correct and precise statements commonly thus, ultimately reaching a point where it will be questioned never. It would be true if it is said that the science attains a stage which is probably certain, on account of the accessible data.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 1 Solutions
Essentials of Oceanography (12th Edition)
- Name three advantages of using GIS toolsarrow_forward9. In fieldwork-based research, which of the following involves the use of on-site instruments but would be less appropriate for low-frequency events like landslides or extreme floods? a. an ergodic approach b. environmental monitoring c. sampling across spacearrow_forward7. _ The climate-change scientist Mike Hulme has argued that people who tend to see nature as tolerant, and who believe that global climate properties would likely respond very favourably to certain planetary geo-engineering solutions, tend to be: a. egalitarians. b. hierarchists. c. individualists.arrow_forward
- Cronon’s Research on Wilderness – Consider Cronon’s study of wilderness, as discussed by Kanazawa (2023). In what ways, if any, would it have been appropriate for Cronon to have used quantitative methods in his study of the concept of wilderness, and to what end? Why were qualitative methods particularly appropriate for the study, given the nature of his research topic? 150-200 words response to the questionarrow_forwardConsider Cronon’s study of wilderness, as discussed by Kanazawa (2023). In what ways, if any, would it have been appropriate for Cronon to have used quantitative methods in his study of the concept of wilderness, and to what end? Why were qualitative methods particularly appropriate for the study, given the nature of his research topic?arrow_forwardWhy might drought actually cause fire risk to reduce in a desert area?arrow_forward
- Part 1: A completely saturated sample of sandstone has a bulk density of 2.61 g/cm³, an effective porosity of 10 percent, and a total porosity of 12 percent. Determine the density of the solid phase (i.e., the density of the mineral). Part 2: One cubic meter of quartz sand has a dry mass of 2,320 kg. a) Calculate the porosity of the sand. b) Calculate the mass (in kg) of the sand for the following degrees of saturation: 25 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent. Part 3: A sample of quartz sand has a dry mass of 753.7 kg and a volume of 0.36 m³. a) Calculate the porosity of the sand. b) Calculate the mass (in kg) of the sand assuming a degree of saturation equal to 62 percent.arrow_forwardWhat is an oxbow lake and how is it formed?arrow_forwardFor the past 3 million years the earth has experienced glacial-interglacial cycles at regular intervals that coincide with the Milankovitch Cycles. Please briefly describe the three Milankovitch Cycles and their timescales. What is the leading theory for why the timing of glacial-interglacial cycles is connected to these Milankovitch Cycles?arrow_forward
- Why do waterfalls move backwards over time? In your explanation, please use the term “nickpoint”?arrow_forwardThe picture below is of the Kaskawulsh Glacier in Yukon, Canada. What is the name of the type of feature that the red arrows are pointing to in the middle of the glacier and how are these features formed? In your answer please also define the term lateral moraine and how lateral moraines relate to the feature with the red arrows?arrow_forwardit was stated that one major effect of rivers is to flatten out the continents. How do rivers flatten continents?arrow_forward
- Applications and Investigations in Earth Science ...Earth ScienceISBN:9780134746241Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. TasaPublisher:PEARSONExercises for Weather & Climate (9th Edition)Earth ScienceISBN:9780134041360Author:Greg CarbonePublisher:PEARSONEnvironmental ScienceEarth ScienceISBN:9781260153125Author:William P Cunningham Prof., Mary Ann Cunningham ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill Education
- Earth Science (15th Edition)Earth ScienceISBN:9780134543536Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. TasaPublisher:PEARSONEnvironmental Science (MindTap Course List)Earth ScienceISBN:9781337569613Author:G. Tyler Miller, Scott SpoolmanPublisher:Cengage LearningPhysical GeologyEarth ScienceISBN:9781259916823Author:Plummer, Charles C., CARLSON, Diane H., Hammersley, LisaPublisher:Mcgraw-hill Education,





