The two-center orbital picture that describes each of the two weak resonance contributors of 1, 3-butadiene is to be drawn. Concept introduction: Overlap of atomic orbitals (AOs) can be thought of as wave interference. It can be constructive or destructive. Constructive interference increases the electron density between the two nuclei (an antinode) and results in a molecular orbital (MO) of lower energy. The phases of the overlapping orbitals are the same in this case. Destructive interference reduces the electron density between the two nuclei and results in an MO of higher energy. The phases of such AOs are the opposite. Since the electron density between the two nuclei decreases, there is a node (or a nodal plane) between the two atoms. π MOs sometimes extend over three or more atoms. In this case, different combinations of constructive and destructive interference are possible. The overall bonding character and the energy depend on the number of nodes and antinodes. If there are more antinodes than nodes, the overall interaction is bonding, and energy is lowered. If there are more nodes than antinodes, the overall interaction is antibonding, and energy increases.

Question

#1. Retro-Electrochemical Reaction: A ring has been made, but the light is causing the molecule to un- cyclize. Undo the ring into all possible molecules. (2pts, no partial credit) hv

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 14, Problem 14.28P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The two-center orbital picture that describes each of the two weak resonance contributors of 1, 3-butadiene is to be drawn.

Concept introduction:

Overlap of atomic orbitals (AOs) can be thought of as wave interference. It can be constructive or destructive. Constructive interference increases the electron density between the two nuclei (an antinode) and results in a molecular orbital (MO) of lower energy. The phases of the overlapping orbitals are the same in this case. Destructive interference reduces the electron density between the two nuclei and results in an MO of higher energy. The phases of such AOs are the opposite. Since the electron density between the two nuclei decreases, there is a node (or a nodal plane) between the two atoms.

π MOs sometimes extend over three or more atoms. In this case, different combinations of constructive and destructive interference are possible. The overall bonding character and the energy depend on the number of nodes and antinodes. If there are more antinodes than nodes, the overall interaction is bonding, and energy is lowered. If there are more nodes than antinodes, the overall interaction is antibonding, and energy increases.

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#1. Retro-Electrochemical Reaction: A ring has been made, but the light is causing the molecule to un- cyclize. Undo the ring into all possible molecules. (2pts, no partial credit) hv

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I have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."