Chapter 14, Problem 14.102QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The effect on the equilibrium if the partial pressure of ${\text{CO}}_{\text{2}}$ is increased has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Le Chatelier’s principle: If equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the system will moves the equilibrium to reverse the change.

The effect of pressure on chemical equilibria:

Pressure – If the reaction consists of only liquid and solid reactants and products, pressure has no effect in the equilibrium.

In gas reactions if the number of moles has no change then there will be no effect by pressure on equilibrium.

If pressure increases then equilibrium will shift to the direction having less number of molecules and if pressure decreases system will shift to the direction having more number of molecules.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The effect on the equilibrium if ${\text{O}}_{\text{2}}$ is removed from the mixture has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Le Chatelier’s principle: If equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the system will moves the equilibrium to reverse the change.

The effect of concentration on chemical equilibria:

Concentration – Equilibrium will be affected by changing the concentration of reactant or product. If we increase the concentration of reactants, system will try to reverse the change by favouring forward reaction and thus increase the concentration of products. Like-wise adding products increase yield of reactants.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The effect on the equilibrium if ${\text{C}}_{\text{6}}{\text{H}}_{\text{12}}{\text{O}}_{\text{6}}$ is removed from the mixture has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Le Chatelier’s principle: If equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the system will moves the equilibrium to reverse the change.

The effect of concentration on chemical equilibria:

Concentration – Equilibrium will be affected by changing the concentration of reactant or product. If we increase the concentration of reactants, system will try to reverse the change by favouring forward reaction and thus increase the concentration of products. Like-wise adding products increase yield of reactants.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The effect on the equilibrium if water is added to the mixture has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Le Chatelier’s principle: If equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the system will moves the equilibrium to reverse the change.

The effect of concentration on chemical equilibria:

Concentration – Equilibrium will be affected by changing the concentration of reactant or product. If we increase the concentration of reactants, system will try to reverse the change by favouring forward reaction and thus increase the concentration of products. Like-wise adding products increase yield of reactants.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The effect on the equilibrium if a catalyst is added has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Catalyst: The catalyst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of the reaction without participating in the reaction by reducing the activation energy of the reaction.

In a chemical reaction, the species that present left is denoted as reactant which undergoes chemical change and result to give new species called product.

In a chemical reaction, the species that present in right side is denoted as product that results from the reactant.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The effect on the equilibrium if the temperature is decreased has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Le Chatelier’s principle: If equilibrium is disturbed by changing conditions, the system will moves the equilibrium to reverse the change.

The effect of temperature on chemical equilibria:

Temperature – When the temperature increases equilibrium will shift in the endothermic direction, in the direction that absorbs heat. When the temperature decreases equilibrium will shift in the exothermic direction, in the direction that releases heat.