(A) To write: How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of MHC class I molecules. Introduction: Viruses depend on human metabolic products for their sustenance. Not only this they employ human biosynthetic pathways to replicate their genome and multiply. This obligatory nature of viruses makes it difficult for the immune system to fight against them. Cytomegalovirus is one such herpesvirus which causes opportunistic infections in HIV AIDS.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

(A)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of MHC class I molecules.

Introduction:

Viruses depend on human metabolic products for their sustenance. Not only this they employ human biosynthetic pathways to replicate their genome and multiply. This obligatory nature of viruses makes it difficult for the immune system to fight against them. Cytomegalovirus is one such herpesvirus which causes opportunistic infections in HIV AIDS.

Summary Introduction

(B)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of NK cell receptors to mediate immune responses.

Introduction:

NK cells are key modulators of immunity as they are involved in cytotoxicity. They are most important in viral infections as they produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) against the viruses. They are said to holds some properties involving memory towards viral antigens which provides some degree of passive immunity. The cytomegalovirus downregulates NK cell receptors involved in the activation of NK cells.

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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

(A)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of MHC class I molecules.

Introduction:

Viruses depend on human metabolic products for their sustenance. Not only this they employ human biosynthetic pathways to replicate their genome and multiply. This obligatory nature of viruses makes it difficult for the immune system to fight against them. Cytomegalovirus is one such herpesvirus which causes opportunistic infections in HIV AIDS.

Summary Introduction

(B)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of NK cell receptors to mediate immune responses.

Introduction:

NK cells are key modulators of immunity as they are involved in cytotoxicity. They are most important in viral infections as they produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) against the viruses. They are said to holds some properties involving memory towards viral antigens which provides some degree of passive immunity. The cytomegalovirus downregulates NK cell receptors involved in the activation of NK cells.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

(A)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of MHC class I molecules.

Introduction:

Viruses depend on human metabolic products for their sustenance. Not only this they employ human biosynthetic pathways to replicate their genome and multiply. This obligatory nature of viruses makes it difficult for the immune system to fight against them. Cytomegalovirus is one such herpesvirus which causes opportunistic infections in HIV AIDS.

Summary Introduction

(B)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of NK cell receptors to mediate immune responses.

Introduction:

NK cells are key modulators of immunity as they are involved in cytotoxicity. They are most important in viral infections as they produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) against the viruses. They are said to holds some properties involving memory towards viral antigens which provides some degree of passive immunity. The cytomegalovirus downregulates NK cell receptors involved in the activation of NK cells.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

(A)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of MHC class I molecules.

Introduction:

Viruses depend on human metabolic products for their sustenance. Not only this they employ human biosynthetic pathways to replicate their genome and multiply. This obligatory nature of viruses makes it difficult for the immune system to fight against them. Cytomegalovirus is one such herpesvirus which causes opportunistic infections in HIV AIDS.

Summary Introduction

(B)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of NK cell receptors to mediate immune responses.

Introduction:

NK cells are key modulators of immunity as they are involved in cytotoxicity. They are most important in viral infections as they produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) against the viruses. They are said to holds some properties involving memory towards viral antigens which provides some degree of passive immunity. The cytomegalovirus downregulates NK cell receptors involved in the activation of NK cells.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

(A)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of MHC class I molecules.

Introduction:

Viruses depend on human metabolic products for their sustenance. Not only this they employ human biosynthetic pathways to replicate their genome and multiply. This obligatory nature of viruses makes it difficult for the immune system to fight against them. Cytomegalovirus is one such herpesvirus which causes opportunistic infections in HIV AIDS.

Summary Introduction

(B)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of NK cell receptors to mediate immune responses.

Introduction:

NK cells are key modulators of immunity as they are involved in cytotoxicity. They are most important in viral infections as they produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) against the viruses. They are said to holds some properties involving memory towards viral antigens which provides some degree of passive immunity. The cytomegalovirus downregulates NK cell receptors involved in the activation of NK cells.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

(A)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of MHC class I molecules.

Introduction:

Viruses depend on human metabolic products for their sustenance. Not only this they employ human biosynthetic pathways to replicate their genome and multiply. This obligatory nature of viruses makes it difficult for the immune system to fight against them. Cytomegalovirus is one such herpesvirus which causes opportunistic infections in HIV AIDS.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 3Q

Summary Introduction

(A)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of MHC class I molecules.

Introduction:

Viruses depend on human metabolic products for their sustenance. Not only this they employ human biosynthetic pathways to replicate their genome and multiply. This obligatory nature of viruses makes it difficult for the immune system to fight against them. Cytomegalovirus is one such herpesvirus which causes opportunistic infections in HIV AIDS.

Answer 8

Summary Introduction

(B)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of NK cell receptors to mediate immune responses.

Introduction:

NK cells are key modulators of immunity as they are involved in cytotoxicity. They are most important in viral infections as they produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) against the viruses. They are said to holds some properties involving memory towards viral antigens which provides some degree of passive immunity. The cytomegalovirus downregulates NK cell receptors involved in the activation of NK cells.

Answer 9

Summary Introduction

(B)

To write:

How cytomegalovirus subverts the ability of NK cell receptors to mediate immune responses.

Introduction:

NK cells are key modulators of immunity as they are involved in cytotoxicity. They are most important in viral infections as they produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) against the viruses. They are said to holds some properties involving memory towards viral antigens which provides some degree of passive immunity. The cytomegalovirus downregulates NK cell receptors involved in the activation of NK cells.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 13 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 10Q

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Chapter 13 Solutions