Chapter 13, Problem 3PA

The following selected accounts appear in the ledger of EJ Construction Inc. at the beginning of the current fiscal year:

During the year, the corporation completed a number of transactions affecting the stockholders’ equity. They are summarized as follows:

1. a. Issued 500,000 shares of common stock at $8, receiving cash.
2. b. Issued 10,000 shares of preferred 1% stock at $60.
3. c. Purchased 50,000 shares of treasury common for $7 per share.
4. d. Sold 20,000 shares of treasury common for $9 per share.
5. e. Sold 5,000 shares of treasury common for $6 per share.
6. f. Declared cash dividends of $0.50 per share on preferred stock and $0.08 per share on common stock.
7. g. Paid the cash dividends.

Instructions

Journalize the entries to record the transactions. Identify each entry by letter.

To determine

Journalize the entries to record the transactions.

Explanation of Solution

Common stock: These are the ordinary shares that a corporation issues to the investors in order to raise funds. In return, the investors receive a share of profit from the profits earned by the corporation in the form of dividend.

Preferred stock: The stock that provides a fixed amount of return (dividend) to its stockholder before paying dividends to common stockholders is referred as preferred stock.

Cash dividends: The amount of cash provided by a corporation out of its distributable profits to its shareholders as a return for the amount invested by them is referred as cash dividends.

Treasury Stock: It refers to the shares that are reacquired by the corporation that are already issued to the stockholders, but reacquisition does not signify retirement.

A.

Record the issuance of common stock.

Date	Account Titles and Explanation	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
	Cash $\left(\text{500,000 shares}\times \text{\$8}\right)$	4,000,000
	Common Stock $\left(\text{500,000 shares}\times \text{\$3}\right)$		1,500,000
	Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par value –       Common Stock $\left(\$4,000,000-\$1,500,000\right)$		2,500,000
	(To record issuance of 500,000 shares in excess of par)

Table (1)

• ■ Cash is an asset account. The amount is increased, because cash is received upon stock issued. Therefore, debit Cash account with the amount of cash received.
• ■ Common Stock is a stockholders’ equity account and the amount is increased due to issuance of common stock. Therefore, credit Common Stock account with the value of common stock.
• ■ Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value – Common stock is a stockholders’ equity account and the amount is increased due to increase in capital. Therefore, credit Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value account with the excess amount of cash received over the Common Stock value.

B.

Record the issuance of par value preferred stock.

Date	Account Titles and Explanation	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
	Cash $\left(\text{10,000 shares}\times \text{\$60}\right)$	600,000
	Preferred Stock $\left(\text{10,000 shares}\times \text{\$50}\right)$		500,000
	Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par value –       Preferred Stock $\left(\$600,000-\$500,000\right)$		100,000
	(To record issuance of 10,000 preferred shares in excess of par)

Table (2)

• ■ Cash is an asset account. The amount is increased, because cash is received upon stock issued. Therefore, debit Cash account with the amount of cash received.
• ■ Preferred Stock is a stockholders’ equity account and the amount is increased due to issuance of common stock. Therefore, credit Common Stock account with the value of common stock.
• ■ Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value is a stockholders’ equity account and the amount is increased due to increase in capital. Therefore, credit Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value account with the excess amount of cash received over the Preferred Stock value.

C.

Record the purchase of 50,000 shares of treasury common stock at $7 per share.

Date	Account Titles and Explanation	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
	Treasury Stock	350,000
	Cash $\left(\text{50,000 shares}\times \text{\$7 per share}\right)$		350,000
	(To record the purchase of 50,000 treasury stock)

Table (3)

Incorporation EJ has repurchased 50,000 of its own treasury stock for $350,000.

• • Treasury stock is contra-stockholders’ equity account with a normal debit balance. Thus, when treasury stocks are purchased, it decreases the stockholders’ equity account. In this case, it reduces the stockholders’ equity by $350,000. Therefore, treasury stock account is debited with $350,000.
• • Cash is an asset. It is decreased as cash is paid for the purchase of treasury stock. Therefore, the cash account is credited with $350,000.

D.

Record the resale of 20,000 shares of treasury stock for cash at $9 per share.

Date	Account Titles and Explanation	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
	Cash $\left(\text{20,000 shares }\times \text{ \$9 per share}\right)$	180,000
	Treasury stock                $\left(\text{20,000 shares }\times \text{ \$7 per share}\right)$		140,000
	Paid-in capital from treasury stock     $\left(\$180,000-\$140,000\right)$		40,000
	(To record sale of treasury stock for above the cost price)

Table (4)

• • Cash is an asset. It is increased as cash is received from the sale of treasury stock. Therefore, the cash account is credited with $180,000.
• • Treasury stock is contra-stockholders’ equity account with a normal debit balance. Thus, when treasury stocks are sold at its cost price, then cash would be debited and treasury stock would be credited. But, when treasury stocks are sold for higher than its cost price, then cash would be debited and treasury stock would be credited for cost price, and paid-in capital from treasury stock would be credited for excess selling price.

E.

Record the resale of 5,000 shares of treasury stock for cash at $6 per share.

Date	Account Titles and Explanation	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
	Cash $\left(\text{5,000 shares }\times \text{\$6 per share}\right)$	30,000
	Paid-in capital from treasury stock $\left(\$35,000-\$30,000\right)$	5,000
	Treasury stock                $\left(\text{5,000 shares }\times \text{\$7 per share}\right)$		35,000
	(To record sale of treasury stock for below the cost price)

Table (5)

• • Cash is an asset. It is increased as cash is received from the sale of treasury stock. Therefore, the cash account is credited with $30,000.
• • Treasury stock is contra-stockholders’ equity account with a normal debit balance. Thus, when treasury stocks are sold at its cost price, then cash would be debited and treasury stock would be credited. But, when treasury stocks are sold for lesser than its cost price, then cash would be debited and treasury stock would be credited for cost price, and paid-in capital from treasury stock would be debited for deficit selling price.

F.

Calculate the amount of cash dividend declared and paid.

Particulars	Outstanding number of  preferred shares	Outstanding number of common shares
Beginning of year	80,000	2,000,000
Transaction A increase common shares		500,000
Transaction B increases preferred shares	10,000
Transaction C decreases common shares		-50,000
Transaction D increase common shares		20,000
Transaction E increase common shares		5,000
Total outstanding shares at the end of the year	90,000	2,475,000
Multiply: Cash dividends per share	$\times$ $0.50	$\times$$0.08
Cash Dividends in total	$45,000	$198,000

Table (6)

Record the declaration of cash dividend on preferred stock and common stock.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
		Cash Dividends $\left(\$45,000+\$198,000\right)$		243,000
		Cash Dividends Payable			243,000
		(To record declaration of dividends on common stock and preferred stock)

Table (7)

Declaration date: The date on which the board of directors of a corporation announces officially to distribute the dividends to its shareholders is referred as declaration date.

• ■ Cash Dividends is a temporary stockholders’ equity account. The account is debited as the cash dividends are declared and eventually be transferred to Retained Earnings account. Therefore, Cash Dividends account is debited
• ■ Cash Dividends Payable is a liability account and the amount owed to the stockholders is increased. Therefore, Cash Dividends Payable account is credited.

G.

Record the payment of cash dividend declared in (F).

Record the journal entry for the payment of cash dividends.

Date		Account Titles and Explanation	Post Ref.	Debit ($)	Credit ($)
		Cash Dividends Payable		243,000
		Cash			243,000
		(To record payment of dividends)

Table (8)

Payment date: The date on which the company makes payments to its shareholders for the declared cash dividends is referred as payment date.

• ■ Dividends Payable is a liability account and the amount is decreased because the dividends owed are paid off. Therefore, debit Dividends Payable with $243,000.
• ■ Cash is an asset account and the amount is decreased because cash is paid. Therefore, credit Cash account with $243,000.