(a) To write: The in vitro translation system that consists only of the ribosomes and mRNA. It results in the secretory proteins which were larger than the identical protein when translated in a cell. Introduction: A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The in vitro translation system that consists only of the ribosomes and mRNA. It results in the secretory proteins which were larger than the identical protein when translated in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In vitro translation is a method that allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications. In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated. Then the ER signal arrangement is left on the protein.

Conclusion

Hence, in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The system has the microsomes that make the secretory proteins are identical in size to those found in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

When the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes. Then the protein gets translated into the microsomes lumen. This process is followed by the signal sequence. That signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Conclusion

Hence, when the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes then the signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To write:

The microsomes were added after the in vitro translation process. The newly synthesized proteins were larger than the manufactured in a cell.

Introduction:

In vitro translation is a method which allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Translation and translocation through the ER membrane are an instantaneous phenomenon. If they do not take place in the same period, then the protein is not imported in a proper way, into the ER. Normally, this is the site for the cleavage of the signal sequence. But due to the improper import of protein, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins. So, there is a change in the process of post-translational translocation.

Conclusion

Hence, due to the abnormal import of protein into the ER, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins after the in vitro translation process.

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13. Practice Calculations: 3 colonies were suspended in the following dilution series and then a viable plate count and microscope count was performed. Calculate IDF's, TDF's and then calculate the CFU/mL in each tube by both methods. Finally calculate the cells in 1 colony by both methods. Show all of your calculations in the space provided on the following pages. 3 colonies 56 cells 10 μL 10 μL 100 μL 500 με m OS A B D 5.0 mL 990 με 990 με 900 με 500 μL EN 2 100 με 100 μL 118 colonies 12 colonies

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The in vitro translation system that consists only of the ribosomes and mRNA. It results in the secretory proteins which were larger than the identical protein when translated in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In vitro translation is a method that allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications. In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated. Then the ER signal arrangement is left on the protein.

Conclusion

Hence, in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The system has the microsomes that make the secretory proteins are identical in size to those found in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

When the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes. Then the protein gets translated into the microsomes lumen. This process is followed by the signal sequence. That signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Conclusion

Hence, when the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes then the signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To write:

The microsomes were added after the in vitro translation process. The newly synthesized proteins were larger than the manufactured in a cell.

Introduction:

In vitro translation is a method which allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Translation and translocation through the ER membrane are an instantaneous phenomenon. If they do not take place in the same period, then the protein is not imported in a proper way, into the ER. Normally, this is the site for the cleavage of the signal sequence. But due to the improper import of protein, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins. So, there is a change in the process of post-translational translocation.

Conclusion

Hence, due to the abnormal import of protein into the ER, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins after the in vitro translation process.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The in vitro translation system that consists only of the ribosomes and mRNA. It results in the secretory proteins which were larger than the identical protein when translated in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In vitro translation is a method that allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications. In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated. Then the ER signal arrangement is left on the protein.

Conclusion

Hence, in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The system has the microsomes that make the secretory proteins are identical in size to those found in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

When the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes. Then the protein gets translated into the microsomes lumen. This process is followed by the signal sequence. That signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Conclusion

Hence, when the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes then the signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To write:

The microsomes were added after the in vitro translation process. The newly synthesized proteins were larger than the manufactured in a cell.

Introduction:

In vitro translation is a method which allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Translation and translocation through the ER membrane are an instantaneous phenomenon. If they do not take place in the same period, then the protein is not imported in a proper way, into the ER. Normally, this is the site for the cleavage of the signal sequence. But due to the improper import of protein, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins. So, there is a change in the process of post-translational translocation.

Conclusion

Hence, due to the abnormal import of protein into the ER, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins after the in vitro translation process.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The in vitro translation system that consists only of the ribosomes and mRNA. It results in the secretory proteins which were larger than the identical protein when translated in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In vitro translation is a method that allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications. In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated. Then the ER signal arrangement is left on the protein.

Conclusion

Hence, in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The system has the microsomes that make the secretory proteins are identical in size to those found in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

When the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes. Then the protein gets translated into the microsomes lumen. This process is followed by the signal sequence. That signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Conclusion

Hence, when the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes then the signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To write:

The microsomes were added after the in vitro translation process. The newly synthesized proteins were larger than the manufactured in a cell.

Introduction:

In vitro translation is a method which allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Translation and translocation through the ER membrane are an instantaneous phenomenon. If they do not take place in the same period, then the protein is not imported in a proper way, into the ER. Normally, this is the site for the cleavage of the signal sequence. But due to the improper import of protein, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins. So, there is a change in the process of post-translational translocation.

Conclusion

Hence, due to the abnormal import of protein into the ER, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins after the in vitro translation process.

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Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The in vitro translation system that consists only of the ribosomes and mRNA. It results in the secretory proteins which were larger than the identical protein when translated in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In vitro translation is a method that allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications. In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated. Then the ER signal arrangement is left on the protein.

Conclusion

Hence, in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The system has the microsomes that make the secretory proteins are identical in size to those found in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

When the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes. Then the protein gets translated into the microsomes lumen. This process is followed by the signal sequence. That signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Conclusion

Hence, when the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes then the signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Summary Introduction

(c)

To write:

The microsomes were added after the in vitro translation process. The newly synthesized proteins were larger than the manufactured in a cell.

Introduction:

In vitro translation is a method which allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Translation and translocation through the ER membrane are an instantaneous phenomenon. If they do not take place in the same period, then the protein is not imported in a proper way, into the ER. Normally, this is the site for the cleavage of the signal sequence. But due to the improper import of protein, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins. So, there is a change in the process of post-translational translocation.

Conclusion

Hence, due to the abnormal import of protein into the ER, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins after the in vitro translation process.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The in vitro translation system that consists only of the ribosomes and mRNA. It results in the secretory proteins which were larger than the identical protein when translated in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In vitro translation is a method that allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications. In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated. Then the ER signal arrangement is left on the protein.

Conclusion

Hence, in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 1RTC

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

The in vitro translation system that consists only of the ribosomes and mRNA. It results in the secretory proteins which were larger than the identical protein when translated in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

In vitro translation is a method that allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications. In the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated. Then the ER signal arrangement is left on the protein.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

Hence, in the absence of endoplasmic reticulum membranes, the complete protein is being translated.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The system has the microsomes that make the secretory proteins are identical in size to those found in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

When the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes. Then the protein gets translated into the microsomes lumen. This process is followed by the signal sequence. That signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Conclusion

Hence, when the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes then the signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

The system has the microsomes that make the secretory proteins are identical in size to those found in a cell.

Introduction:

A secretory protein refers to a protein released by a cell of the exocrine or endocrine system. These proteins are comprised of many enzymes, hormones, antimicrobial peptides, and toxins. These are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

When the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes. Then the protein gets translated into the microsomes lumen. This process is followed by the signal sequence. That signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Conclusion

Hence, when the translation process takes place in the presence of ER-holding microsomes then the signal sequence is then cleaved to produce a smaller protein.

Answer 20

Summary Introduction

(c)

To write:

The microsomes were added after the in vitro translation process. The newly synthesized proteins were larger than the manufactured in a cell.

Introduction:

In vitro translation is a method which allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Translation and translocation through the ER membrane are an instantaneous phenomenon. If they do not take place in the same period, then the protein is not imported in a proper way, into the ER. Normally, this is the site for the cleavage of the signal sequence. But due to the improper import of protein, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins. So, there is a change in the process of post-translational translocation.

Conclusion

Hence, due to the abnormal import of protein into the ER, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins after the in vitro translation process.

Answer 21

Summary Introduction

(c)

To write:

The microsomes were added after the in vitro translation process. The newly synthesized proteins were larger than the manufactured in a cell.

Introduction:

In vitro translation is a method which allows the researchers to quickly express and make small quantities of functional proteins for a diversity of applications.

Answer 22

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Translation and translocation through the ER membrane are an instantaneous phenomenon. If they do not take place in the same period, then the protein is not imported in a proper way, into the ER. Normally, this is the site for the cleavage of the signal sequence. But due to the improper import of protein, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins. So, there is a change in the process of post-translational translocation.

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Conclusion

Hence, due to the abnormal import of protein into the ER, there is the formation of newly synthesized larger proteins after the in vitro translation process.

Answer 27

Ch. 13 - Prob. 1RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 2RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 3RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 4RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 5RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 6RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 7RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 8RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 9RTC Ch. 13 - Prob. 10RTC

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