(a) To write: About serotype-specific immunity. Introduction: Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Students have asked these similar questions

A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation? The cell membranes are more resistant than normal. An isotonic solution had been added instead of water. A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water. Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet. The man had sickle-cell anaemia.

With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 6

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Answer 7

Chapter 13, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

(a)

To write:

About serotype-specific immunity.

Introduction:

Immunity can be defined as a condition or state in which body is able to resist any particular infection or disease by counteracting the development of pathogens and preventing them from penetrating the body. Immunity has many weapons that fight against the pathogens.

Answer 8

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

Some of the pathogens like Streptococcus pneumonia prevail in many antigenically distinct strains called serotypes. The memory B cells and the antibodies produced at the time of infection with one serotype will safeguard the host from reinfection with the similar serotype, however, will not protect against a first infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen, as various epitopes are expressed. Thus, the immunity generated is known as serotype-specific.

Answer 9

Expert Solution

Answer 10

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Conclusion

In serotype-specific immunity protection is done from reinfection with the same serotype, however, it does not provide protection against the infection with a distinct serotype of the similar pathogen.

Answer 13

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 14

Summary Introduction

(b)

To write:

How Streptococcus pneumoniae use serotype-specific immunity to escape detection?

Introduction:

A serovar or serotype refers to a different variation within a species of virus, or bacteria, or between the immune cells of various individuals. These viruses, microbes, or cells are categorized together on the basis of their cell surface receptors, permitting the epidemiologic classification of organisms to the sub-species level.

Answer 15

Expert Solution

Explanation of Solution

The Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed about 90 distinct serotypes, which vary in their capsular polysaccharide antigens. A novel infection with a distinct serotype stimulates a new primary response in spite of the more efficient secondary immune response. This is beneficial to the pathogen as it increases the duration of survival in the host, and hence, enhances the chances of transmission to a new host.

Answer 16

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Conclusion

Due to the evolution of about 90 kinds of serotypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae, a new infection with a distinct serotype does not instigate efficient secondary immune response, this increases the survival duration of the bacteria, and also increases the probability of transmission to a new host.

Answer 20

Ch. 13 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 13 - Prob. 10Q

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