For each of the following processes, identify the systemand the surroundings. Identify those processes that arespontaneous. For each spontaneous process, identify theconstraint that has been removed to enable the process to occur: Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. Hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. A rubber band is rapidly extended by a hangingweight. The gas in a chamber is slowly compressed by aweighted piston. A glass shatters on the floor.

Question

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1P

For each of the following processes, identify the systemand the surroundings. Identify those processes that arespontaneous. For each spontaneous process, identify theconstraint that has been removed to enable the process to
occur:

Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water.
Hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb.
A rubber band is rapidly extended by a hangingweight.
The gas in a chamber is slowly compressed by aweighted piston.
A glass shatters on the floor.

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place:

NH4NO3(s)→NH4+(aq)+NO3−(aq)

Here, system will be reactants and products of the reaction which takes place. Thus, solid ammonium nitrate, water and ammonium and nitrate ions will be system. The surrounding of the reaction will be the beaker or flask in which the reaction takes place.

The given process is spontaneous only when water and ammonium nitrate come in contact.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb, these are products and form the system. The closed bomb will be the surrounding.

When there is no constraint in the closed bomb, the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen will be spontaneous.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a rubber band is rapidly extended by hanging weight. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the rubber band will be the system as weight is hanged on it and it undergoes rapid extension.

The things other than the rubber will be the surrounding like the weight.

The extension of rubber band is a spontaneous process when the constraint or any support which is below the hanging weight is removed.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which gas in chamber is slowly compressed by weighted piston. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the gas inside the chamber will be the system. The chamber and the weighted piston will be the surrounding. The compression of the gas is a spontaneous process only when an external pressure that is applied on the piston is more than the internal pressure of the gas.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a glass shatters on the floor. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process of shattering of glass on the floor, the glass is system. The floor on which the glass shatters is the surrounding. This process is spontaneous when glass and the floor comes in contact with each other.

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What are the major products of the following reaction? Please provide a detailed explanation and a drawing to show how the reaction proceeds.

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1P

For each of the following processes, identify the systemand the surroundings. Identify those processes that arespontaneous. For each spontaneous process, identify theconstraint that has been removed to enable the process to
occur:

Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water.
Hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb.
A rubber band is rapidly extended by a hangingweight.
The gas in a chamber is slowly compressed by aweighted piston.
A glass shatters on the floor.

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place:

NH4NO3(s)→NH4+(aq)+NO3−(aq)

Here, system will be reactants and products of the reaction which takes place. Thus, solid ammonium nitrate, water and ammonium and nitrate ions will be system. The surrounding of the reaction will be the beaker or flask in which the reaction takes place.

The given process is spontaneous only when water and ammonium nitrate come in contact.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb, these are products and form the system. The closed bomb will be the surrounding.

When there is no constraint in the closed bomb, the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen will be spontaneous.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a rubber band is rapidly extended by hanging weight. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the rubber band will be the system as weight is hanged on it and it undergoes rapid extension.

The things other than the rubber will be the surrounding like the weight.

The extension of rubber band is a spontaneous process when the constraint or any support which is below the hanging weight is removed.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which gas in chamber is slowly compressed by weighted piston. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the gas inside the chamber will be the system. The chamber and the weighted piston will be the surrounding. The compression of the gas is a spontaneous process only when an external pressure that is applied on the piston is more than the internal pressure of the gas.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a glass shatters on the floor. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process of shattering of glass on the floor, the glass is system. The floor on which the glass shatters is the surrounding. This process is spontaneous when glass and the floor comes in contact with each other.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1P

For each of the following processes, identify the systemand the surroundings. Identify those processes that arespontaneous. For each spontaneous process, identify theconstraint that has been removed to enable the process to
occur:

Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water.
Hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb.
A rubber band is rapidly extended by a hangingweight.
The gas in a chamber is slowly compressed by aweighted piston.
A glass shatters on the floor.

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place:

NH4NO3(s)→NH4+(aq)+NO3−(aq)

Here, system will be reactants and products of the reaction which takes place. Thus, solid ammonium nitrate, water and ammonium and nitrate ions will be system. The surrounding of the reaction will be the beaker or flask in which the reaction takes place.

The given process is spontaneous only when water and ammonium nitrate come in contact.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb, these are products and form the system. The closed bomb will be the surrounding.

When there is no constraint in the closed bomb, the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen will be spontaneous.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a rubber band is rapidly extended by hanging weight. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the rubber band will be the system as weight is hanged on it and it undergoes rapid extension.

The things other than the rubber will be the surrounding like the weight.

The extension of rubber band is a spontaneous process when the constraint or any support which is below the hanging weight is removed.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which gas in chamber is slowly compressed by weighted piston. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the gas inside the chamber will be the system. The chamber and the weighted piston will be the surrounding. The compression of the gas is a spontaneous process only when an external pressure that is applied on the piston is more than the internal pressure of the gas.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a glass shatters on the floor. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process of shattering of glass on the floor, the glass is system. The floor on which the glass shatters is the surrounding. This process is spontaneous when glass and the floor comes in contact with each other.

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Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 13, Problem 1P

For each of the following processes, identify the systemand the surroundings. Identify those processes that arespontaneous. For each spontaneous process, identify theconstraint that has been removed to enable the process to
occur:

Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water.
Hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb.
A rubber band is rapidly extended by a hangingweight.
The gas in a chamber is slowly compressed by aweighted piston.
A glass shatters on the floor.

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place:

NH4NO3(s)→NH4+(aq)+NO3−(aq)

Here, system will be reactants and products of the reaction which takes place. Thus, solid ammonium nitrate, water and ammonium and nitrate ions will be system. The surrounding of the reaction will be the beaker or flask in which the reaction takes place.

The given process is spontaneous only when water and ammonium nitrate come in contact.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb, these are products and form the system. The closed bomb will be the surrounding.

When there is no constraint in the closed bomb, the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen will be spontaneous.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a rubber band is rapidly extended by hanging weight. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the rubber band will be the system as weight is hanged on it and it undergoes rapid extension.

The things other than the rubber will be the surrounding like the weight.

The extension of rubber band is a spontaneous process when the constraint or any support which is below the hanging weight is removed.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which gas in chamber is slowly compressed by weighted piston. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the gas inside the chamber will be the system. The chamber and the weighted piston will be the surrounding. The compression of the gas is a spontaneous process only when an external pressure that is applied on the piston is more than the internal pressure of the gas.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a glass shatters on the floor. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process of shattering of glass on the floor, the glass is system. The floor on which the glass shatters is the surrounding. This process is spontaneous when glass and the floor comes in contact with each other.

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Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place:

NH4NO3(s)→NH4+(aq)+NO3−(aq)

Here, system will be reactants and products of the reaction which takes place. Thus, solid ammonium nitrate, water and ammonium and nitrate ions will be system. The surrounding of the reaction will be the beaker or flask in which the reaction takes place.

The given process is spontaneous only when water and ammonium nitrate come in contact.

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb, these are products and form the system. The closed bomb will be the surrounding.

When there is no constraint in the closed bomb, the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen will be spontaneous.

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a rubber band is rapidly extended by hanging weight. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the rubber band will be the system as weight is hanged on it and it undergoes rapid extension.

The things other than the rubber will be the surrounding like the weight.

The extension of rubber band is a spontaneous process when the constraint or any support which is below the hanging weight is removed.

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which gas in chamber is slowly compressed by weighted piston. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the gas inside the chamber will be the system. The chamber and the weighted piston will be the surrounding. The compression of the gas is a spontaneous process only when an external pressure that is applied on the piston is more than the internal pressure of the gas.

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a glass shatters on the floor. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process of shattering of glass on the floor, the glass is system. The floor on which the glass shatters is the surrounding. This process is spontaneous when glass and the floor comes in contact with each other.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place:

NH4NO3(s)→NH4+(aq)+NO3−(aq)

Here, system will be reactants and products of the reaction which takes place. Thus, solid ammonium nitrate, water and ammonium and nitrate ions will be system. The surrounding of the reaction will be the beaker or flask in which the reaction takes place.

The given process is spontaneous only when water and ammonium nitrate come in contact.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

When ammonium nitrate is dissolved in water, the following reaction takes place:

NH4NO3(s)→NH4+(aq)+NO3−(aq)

Here, system will be reactants and products of the reaction which takes place. Thus, solid ammonium nitrate, water and ammonium and nitrate ions will be system. The surrounding of the reaction will be the beaker or flask in which the reaction takes place.

The given process is spontaneous only when water and ammonium nitrate come in contact.

Answer 14

(b)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

When hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb, these are products and form the system. The closed bomb will be the surrounding.

When there is no constraint in the closed bomb, the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen will be spontaneous.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

When hydrogen and oxygen explode in a closed bomb, these are products and form the system. The closed bomb will be the surrounding.

When there is no constraint in the closed bomb, the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen will be spontaneous.

Answer 20

(c)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a rubber band is rapidly extended by hanging weight. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the rubber band will be the system as weight is hanged on it and it undergoes rapid extension.

The things other than the rubber will be the surrounding like the weight.

The extension of rubber band is a spontaneous process when the constraint or any support which is below the hanging weight is removed.

Answer 21

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 23

Expert Solution

Answer 24

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a rubber band is rapidly extended by hanging weight. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Answer 25

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the rubber band will be the system as weight is hanged on it and it undergoes rapid extension.

The things other than the rubber will be the surrounding like the weight.

The extension of rubber band is a spontaneous process when the constraint or any support which is below the hanging weight is removed.

Answer 26

(d)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which gas in chamber is slowly compressed by weighted piston. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the gas inside the chamber will be the system. The chamber and the weighted piston will be the surrounding. The compression of the gas is a spontaneous process only when an external pressure that is applied on the piston is more than the internal pressure of the gas.

Answer 27

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 28

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 29

Expert Solution

Answer 30

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which gas in chamber is slowly compressed by weighted piston. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Answer 31

Explanation of Solution

In the given process, the gas inside the chamber will be the system. The chamber and the weighted piston will be the surrounding. The compression of the gas is a spontaneous process only when an external pressure that is applied on the piston is more than the internal pressure of the gas.

Answer 32

(e)

Expert Solution

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a glass shatters on the floor. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Explanation of Solution

In the given process of shattering of glass on the floor, the glass is system. The floor on which the glass shatters is the surrounding. This process is spontaneous when glass and the floor comes in contact with each other.

Answer 33

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 34

(e)

Expert Solution

Answer 35

Expert Solution

Answer 36

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The system and surrounding for the process needs to be identified in which a glass shatters on the floor. The constraint that must be removed to enable the process to occur spontaneously needs to be identified.

Concept Introduction: For a given process, a specific part of the universe which is under the observation is known as the system and the rest of the universe other than the system is known as surroundings.

Answer 37

Explanation of Solution

In the given process of shattering of glass on the floor, the glass is system. The floor on which the glass shatters is the surrounding. This process is spontaneous when glass and the floor comes in contact with each other.

Answer 38

Ch. 13 - For each of the following processes, identify the...Ch. 13 - Use data from Appendix D to calculate the...Ch. 13 - Quartz, SiO2(s), does not spontaneously decompose...Ch. 13 - Solid tin exists in two forms: white and gray. For...

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Chapter 13 Solutions