Pathophysiology
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780323354813
Author: Jacquelyn L. Banasik PhD ARNP
Publisher: Saunders
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Chapter 13, Problem 1KQ
Summary Introduction
To answer: The factors that are essential for the normal production of red blood cells.
Introduction: Blood is an essential body fluid, which is the primary transport system of the body. It is involved in both pathological and physiological activities of all organs. The red blood cells or erythrocytes are one of the major components of the blood. It is necessary for the transportation of oxygen within the circulatory system. It possesses hemoglobin molecules that efficiently move oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.
Expert Solution & Answer
Explanation of Solution
The factors that are essential for the normal production of red blood cells are as follows:
Dietary sources: Dietary sources such as vitamins (especially folate, riboflavin, B12, B6, ascorbic acid, pantothenic acid, and vitamin E), protein, iron, and minerals.
Intrinsic factors: The intrinsic factors are required for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum.
Erythropoietin: It is required for stimulating the red blood cell production.
Functional bone marrow: The bone marrow should be functional for the production of erythrocytes.
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Explain down bellow what happens to the cell in pictures not in words:
Decreased pH in mitochondria
Increased ATP
Decreased pH in cytosol
Increased hydrolysis
Decreasing glycogen and triglycerides
Increased MAP kinase activity
Poor ion transport → For each one:→ What normally happens?→ What is wrong now?→ How does it mess up the cell?
1.) Community Diversity:
The brown and orange line represent two different plant communities.
a. Which color represents the community with a higher species richness?
b. Which color represents the community with a higher species evenness?
Relative abundance
0.1
0.04
0.001
2 4 6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Rank abundance
c. What is the maximum value of the Simpson's diversity index (remember, Simpson's
index is D = p², Simpson's diversity index is 1-D)?
d. If the Simpson's diversity index equals 1, what does that mean about the number of
species and their relative abundance within community being assessed?
1.) Community Diversity:
The brown and orange line represent two different plant communities.
a. Which color represents the community with a higher species richness?
b. Which color represents the community with a higher species evenness?
Relative abundance
0.1
0.04
0.001
2 4 6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Rank abundance
c. What is the maximum value of the Simpson's diversity index (remember, Simpson's
index is D = p², Simpson's diversity index is 1-D)?
d. If the Simpson's diversity index equals 1, what does that mean about the number of
species and their relative abundance within community being assessed?
Chapter 13 Solutions
Pathophysiology
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