![Chemistry: The Central Science (14th Edition)](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9780134414232/9780134414232_largeCoverImage.gif)
Interpretation: The experimental procedure to test the hypothesis that solute blocking of solvent vaporization is not the reason that solutions have lower vapor pressures than the pure solvents is to be determined.
Concept introduction: According to Raoult’s law, the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the product of the mole fraction and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
The expression of Raoult’s law is,
![Check Mark](/static/check-mark.png)
Answer to Problem 1DE
Solution: The interaction between solute and solvent and the number of solute particles are responsible for the lower vapor pressures of the solution than the pure solvents.
Explanation of Solution
According to Raoult’s law, the vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the product of the mole fraction and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
The expression of Raoult’s law is,
When a solute is added to a solution, the vapor pressure of the solution decreases because on addition of solute, the gap between the solvent molecules gets filled. Hence, on the surface of solution, the number of solvent molecule is less as compared to the pure solvent. This indicates that the number of solvent molecule enter into the gas phase is less and due to this there is a decrease in vapor pressure.
Using the Raoult’s law, the lowering of vapor pressure can be explained.
Assume two sealed containers, one is for pure solvent and other is for solution. The equilibrium stage arises when the number of molecules striking on the surface of the molecule becomes equal to the number of molecules going to the gas phase. On addition of solute, half of the surface of the solution is occupied by the solute and half of the surface is occupied by solvent molecules.
Figure 1
The vapor pressure of the solution depends upon the number of solvent molecule present on the surface of the solution. As the number of solute molecule increases, the number of solvent molecule present on the surface of solution decreases, now lesser number of solvent molecules is present to go in gas phase. Hence, the vapor pressure of the solution decreases.
The attraction between molecules of solvent with solute also plays an important role in lowering the vapor pressure. If there is a strong attraction between the solute and solvent, than the solvent molecule try to remain in the solution rather than escaping from it. Due to this, lowering of vapor pressure occurs because now there are less number of solvent molecule in vapor phase.
Another important factor is that, number of molecules present in the solution is not important rather than this number of solute particles present in the solution is important.
More the number of solute particles, low will be the vapor pressure.
The interaction between solute and solvent and the number of solute particles are responsible for the lower vapor pressures of the solution than the pure solvents.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 13 Solutions
Chemistry: The Central Science (14th Edition)
- given only right answer ...arrow_forwardCurved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. NaO :0: Select to Add Arrows THF > Pleaarrow_forwardapp aktv.com Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. :0: 0:0 H NaO Select to Add Arrows CH3CH2CCNa Problem 31 of 35 Please select aarrow_forward
- K Sepp aktiv com Curved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. Drawing Arrows CH3CH2OK, CH3CH2OH Altis Learning App 31 Problem 28 of 35 H. :0: H H H H H 0:0 H KO Undo Reset Donearrow_forwardQ1: Draw the most stable and the least stable Newman projections about the C2-C3 bond for each of the following isomers (A-C). Are the barriers to rotation identical for enantiomers A and B? How about the diastereomers (A versus C or B versus C)? enantiomers H_ Br (S) CH 3 H3C (S) H Br A H Br 省 H3C (S) (R) CH₂ Br H C H Br H3C (R) B (R)CH3 H Br H Br H3C (R) (S) CH3 Br H D identicalarrow_forward4. Which one of the following is trans-1-tert-butyl-3-methylcyclohexane in its most stable conformation? (NOTE: Correct answer must be trans- and must have a 1,3-arrangement of groups.) C(CH3)3 CH₁₂ A H,C D H₂C C(CH) C(CH3)3 C B CH C(CH) C(CH3)3 Earrow_forward
- Predict the Product. Predict the major organic product for the following reaction:arrow_forwardNonearrow_forward3. Which one of the following is the lowest energy, most stable conformation of 1-bromopropane? H H H H H H H H CH3 HH Br H CH3 b b b b b CH3 A Br Br H H B CH3 Br H C H H H D CH3 H Br H E Harrow_forward
- In evolution, migration refers to the movement of alleles between populations. In your drawings, compare and contrast migration in evolutionary terms vs. in ecological terms. True Falsearrow_forwardCurved arrows are used to illustrate the flow of electrons. Using the provided starting and product structures, draw the curved electron-pushing arrows for the following reaction or mechanistic step(s). Be sure to account for all bond-breaking and bond-making steps. Problem 31 I 1 :0: O: C 1 1 H Na Select to Add Arrows CH3CH2CCNa 1arrow_forwardgiven asp ...arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305957404/9781305957404_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781259911156/9781259911156_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305577213/9781305577213_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9780078021558/9780078021558_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781305079373/9781305079373_smallCoverImage.gif)
![Text book image](https://www.bartleby.com/isbn_cover_images/9781118431221/9781118431221_smallCoverImage.gif)