Problem 1E: What does it mean to describe a reaction as reversible? Problem 2E: When writing an equation, how is a reversible reaction distinguished from a nonreversible reaction? Problem 3E: If a reaction is reversible, when can it be said to have reached equilibrium? Problem 4E: Is a system at equilibrium if the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions are equal? Problem 5E: If the concentrations of products and reactants are equal, is the system at equilibrium? Problem 6E: Explain why there may be an infinite number of values for the reaction quotient of a reaction at a... Problem 7E: Explain why an equilibrium between Br2(l) and Br2(g) would not be established if the container were... Problem 8E: If you observe the following reaction at equilibrium, is it possible to tell whether the reaction... Problem 9E: Among the solubility rules previously discussed is the statement: All chlorides are soluble except... Problem 10E: Among the solubility rules previously discussed is the statement: Carbonates, phosphates, borates,... Problem 11E: Benzene is one of the compounds used as octane enhancers in unleaded gasoline. It is manufactured by... Problem 12E: Show that the complete chemical equation, the total ionic equation, and the net ionic equation for... Problem 13E: For a titration to be effective, the reaction must be rapid and the yield of the reaction must... Problem 14E: For a precipitation reaction to be useful in a gravimetric analysis, the product of the reaction... Problem 15E: Write the mathematical expression for the reaction quotient, QC, for each of the following... Problem 16E: Write the mathematical expression for the reaction quotient, QC, for each of the following reactions... Problem 17E: The initial concentrations or pressures of reactants and products are given for each of the... Problem 18E: The initial concentrations or pressures of reactants and products are given for each of the... Problem 19E: The following reaction has KP=4.50105 at 720 K. N2(g)+3H2(g)2NH3 If a reaction vessel is filled with... Problem 20E: Determine if the following system is at equilibrium. If not, in which direction will the system need... Problem 21E: Which of the systems described in Exercise 13.15 give homogeneous equilibria? Which give... Problem 22E: Which of the systems described in Exercise 13.16 give homogeneous equilibria? Which give... Problem 23E: For which of the reactions in Exercise 13.15 does Kc (calculated using concentrations) equal KP... Problem 24E: For which of the reactions in Exercise 13.16 does Kc (calculated using concentrations) equal Kp... Problem 25E: Convert the values of KC to values of KP to the values of KP to values of Kc. (a)... Problem 26E: Covert the values of Kc to the values of KP or the values of Kp to values of Kc. (a)... Problem 27E: What is the value of the equilibrium constant expression for the change H2O(l)H2O(g) at 30 C? Problem 28E: Write the expression of the reaction quotient for the ionization of HOCN in water. Problem 29E: Write the reaction quotient expression for the ionization of NH3 in water. Problem 30E: What is the approximate value of the equilibrium constant KP for the change C2H5OC2H5(l)C2H5OC2H5(g)... Problem 31E: The following equation represents a reversible decomposition: CaCO3(s)CaO(s)+CO2(g) Under what... Problem 32E: Explain how to recognize the conditions under which changes in pressure would affect systems at... Problem 33E: What property of a reaction can we use to predict the effect of a change in temperature on the value... Problem 34E: What would happen to the color of the solution in part (b) of Figure 13.8 if a small amount of NaOH... Problem 35E: The following reaction occurs when a burner on a gas stove is lit: CH4+2O2(g)CO2(g)+2H2O(g) Is an... Problem 36E: A necessary step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid is the formation of sulfur trioxide. SO3, from... Problem 37E: Suggest four ways in which the concentration of hydrazine, N2H4, could be increased in an... Problem 38E: Suggest four ways in which the concentration of PH3could be increased in an equilibrium described by... Problem 39E: How will an increase in temperature affect each of the following equilibria? How will a decrease in... Problem 40E: How will an increase in temperature affect each of the following equilibria? How will a decrease in... Problem 41E: Water gas is a 1:1 mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas and is called water gas because it is... Problem 42E: Nitrogen and oxygen react at high temperatures. (a) Write the expression for the equilibrium... Problem 43E: Water gas, a mixture of H2 and CO, is an important industrial fuel produced by the reaction of steam... Problem 44E: Pure iron metal can be produced by the reduction of iron(III) oxide with hydrogen gas. (a) Write the... Problem 45E: Ammonia is a weak base that reacts with water according to this equation:... Problem 46E: Acetic acid is a weak acid that reacts with water according to this equation:... Problem 47E: Suggest two ways in which the equilibrium concentration of Ag+ can be reduced in a solution of Na+,... Problem 48E: How can the pressure of water vapor be increased in the following equilibrium? H2O(l)H2O(g)H=41kJ Problem 49E: Additional solid silver sulfate, a slightly soluble solid, is added to a solution of silver ion and... Problem 50E: The amino acid alanine has two isomers, -alanine and -alanine. When equal masses of these two... Problem 51E: A reaction is represented by this equation: A(aq)+2B2C(aq) Kc=1103 (a) Write the mathematical... Problem 52E: A reaction is represented by this equation: 2W(aq)X(aq)+2Y(aq)Kc=5104 (a) Write the mathematical... Problem 53E: What is the value of the equilibrium constant at 500 C for the formation of NH3 according to the... Problem 54E: Hydrogen is prepared commercially by the reaction of methane and water vapor at elevated... Problem 55E: A 0.72-m01 sample of PCl5 is put into a 1.00-L vessel and heated. At equilibrium, the vessel... Problem 56E: At 1 atm and 25 C, NO2 with an initial concentration of 1.00 M is 3.3103 decomposed into NO and O2.... Problem 57E: Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant Kp for the reaction 2NO2(g)+Cl2(g)2NOCl(g) from... Problem 58E: When heated, iodine vapor dissociates according to this equation: I2(g)2I(g) At 1274 K, a sample... Problem 59E: A sample of ammonium chloride was heated in a closed container. NH4CI(s)NH3(g)+HCI(g) At... Problem 60E: At a temperature of 60 C, the vapor pressure of water is 0.196 atm. What is the value of the... Problem 61E: Complete the changes in concentrations (or pressure, if requested) for each of the following... Problem 62E: Complete the changes in concentrations (or pressure, if requested) for each of the following... Problem 63E: Why are there no changes specified for Ni in Exercise 13.61, part (f)? What property of Ni does... Problem 64E: Why are there no changes specified for NH4HS in Exercise 13.62, part (e)? What property of NH4HS... Problem 65E: Analysis of the gases in a sealed reaction vessel containing NH3, N2, and H2 at equilibrium at 400 C... Problem 66E: Calculate the number of moles of HI that are at equilibrium with 1.25 mol of H2 and 1.25 mol of I2... Problem 67E: What is the pressure of BrCl in an equilibrium mixture of Cl2, Br2, and BrCl if the pressure of CI2... Problem 68E: What is the pressure of CO2 in a mixture at equilibrium that contains 0.50 mm H2, 2.0 atm of H2O,... Problem 69E: Cobalt metal can be prepared by reducing cobalt (II) oxide with carbon monoxide.... Problem 70E: Carbon reacts with water vapor at elevated temperatures. C(s)+H2O(g)Co(g)+H2(g)Kc=0.2 at 1000 C What... Problem 71E: Sodium sulfate 10-hydrate, Na2SO410H2O, dehydrates according to the equation... Problem 72E: Calcium Chloride 6-hydrate, CaCl26H2O, dehydrates according to the equation... Problem 73E: A student solved the following problem and found the equilibrium concentrations to be... Problem 74E: A student solved the following problem and found [N2O4]=0.16M at equilibrium. How could this student... Problem 75E: Assume that the change in concentration of N2O4 is small enough to be neglected in the following... Problem 76E: Assume that the change in concentration of COCI2 is small enough to be neglected in the following... Problem 77E: Assume that the change in pressure of H2S is small enough to be neglected in the following problem,... Problem 78E: What are all concentrations after a mixture that contains [H2O]=1.00M and [Cl2O]=1.00M comes to... Problem 79E: What are the concentrations of PCl5, PCl3, and Cl2 in an equilibrium mixture produced by the... Problem 80E: Calculate the pressures of all species at equilibrium in a mixture of NOCl, NO, and Cl2 produced... Problem 81E: Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of NO, O2, and NO2 in a mixture at 250 C that results from... Problem 82E: Calculate the equilibrium concentrations that result when 0.25 M O2 and 1.0 M HCl react and come to... Problem 83E: One of the important reactions in the formation of smog is represented by the equation... Problem 84E: Calculate the pressures of NO, Cl2, and NOCI in an equilibrium mixture produced by the reaction of a... Problem 85E: Calculate the number of grams of HI that are at equilibrium with 1.25 mol of H2 and 63.5 g of iodine... Problem 86E: Butane exists as two isomers, n -butane and isobutane. Kp=2.5 at 25 C What is the pressure of... Problem 87E: What is the minimum mass of CaCO3 required to establish equilibrium at a certain temperature in a... Problem 88E: The equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction is 1.60 at 990 c: H2(g)+CO2(g)H2O(g)+CO(g) Calculate... Problem 89E: At 25 C and at 1 atm, the partial pressures in an equilibrium mixture of N2O4 and NO2 are PN2O4=0.70... Problem 90E: In a 3.0-L vessel, the following equilibrium partial pressures are measured: N2, 190 torr; H2, 317... Problem 91E: The equilibrium constant (Kc) for this reaction is 5.0 at a given temperature.... Problem 92E: Antimony pentachloride decomposes according to this equation: SbCl5(g)SbCl3+Cl2(g) An equilibrium... Problem 93E: Consider the reaction between H2 and O2 at 1000 2H2(g)+O22H2O(g)Kp=( P H 2 O )2(P o2 )( P H 2... Problem 94E: An equilibrium is established according to the following equation... Problem 95E: Consider the equilibrium 4NO2(g)+6H2O(g)4NH3(g)+7O2(g) (a) What is the expression for the... Problem 96E: The binding of oxygen by hemoglobin (Hb), giving oxy-hemoglobin (HbO2), is partially regulated by... Problem 97E: The hydrolysis of the sugar sucrose to the sugars glucose and fructose follows a first-order rate... Problem 98E: The density of trifluoroacetic acid vapor was determined at 118.1 C and 468.5 torr, and found to be... Problem 99E: Liquid N2o3 is dark blue at low temperatures, but the color fades and becomes greenish at higher... Problem 100E: A 1.00-L vessel at 400 C contains the following equilibrium concentrations: N2, 1.00 M; H2, 0.50 M;... Problem 101E: A 0.010 M solution of the weak acid HA has an osmotic pressure (see chapter on solutions and... format_list_bulleted
Principles of Modern ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305079113Author:David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. ButlerPublisher:Cengage Learning