Chapter 12, Problem 27E

(a)

To determine

The compound ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}$ is ionic or covalent.

Answer to Problem 27E

The compound ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}$ is covalent.

Explanation of Solution

Given Info: The compound is ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}$.

Explanation:

A covalent bond is formed when electron pairs are shared by two atoms. A covalent bond is formed when two nonmetals combine or compounds that are gases, liquids or have low melting points.

Ionic bonds are formed by electrostatic interactions between an electropositive and electronegative atom. An ionic bond forms when a metal and a nonmetal combine or a metal combines with polyatomic anions.

In the compound ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}$, nitrogen and hydrogen are nonmetals. Therefore, ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}$ is a covalent compound.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the compound ${\text{N}}_{\text{2}}{\text{H}}_{\text{4}}$ is covalent.

(b)

To determine

The compound $\text{NaF}$ is ionic or covalent.

Answer to Problem 27E

The compound $\text{NaF}$ is ionic.

Explanation of Solution

Given Info: The compound is $\text{NaF}$.

Explanation:

A covalent bond is formed when electron pairs are shared by two atoms. A covalent bond is formed when two nonmetals combine or compounds that are gases, liquids or have low melting points.

Ionic bonds are formed by electrostatic interactions between an electropositive and electronegative atom. An ionic bond forms when a metal and a nonmetal combine or a metal combines with polyatomic anions.

In the compound $\text{NaF}$, sodium is a metal and fluorine is nonmetal. Therefore, $\text{NaF}$ is an ionic compound.

Conclusion:

Therefore, $\text{NaF}$ is an ionic compound.

(c)

To determine

The compound $\text{Ca}{\left({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{2}}$ is ionic or covalent.

Answer to Problem 27E

The compound $\text{Ca}{\left({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{2}}$ is ionic.

Explanation of Solution

Given Info: The compound is $\text{Ca}{\left({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{2}}$.

Explanation:

A covalent bond is formed when electron pairs are shared by two atoms. A covalent bond is formed when two nonmetals combine or compounds that are gases, liquids or have low melting points.

Ionic bonds are formed by electrostatic interactions between an electropositive and electronegative atom. An ionic bond forms when a metal and a nonmetal combine or a metal combines with polyatomic anions.

In the compound $\text{Ca}{\left({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{2}}$, calcium is a metal and nitrate is a polyatomic anion. Therefore, $\text{Ca}{\left({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{2}}$ is an ionic compound.

Conclusion:

Therefore, $\text{Ca}{\left({\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}\right)}_{\text{2}}$ is an ionic compound.

(d)

To determine

The compound ${\text{CBr}}_{\text{4}}$ is ionic or covalent.

Answer to Problem 27E

The compound ${\text{CBr}}_{\text{4}}$ is covalent.

Explanation of Solution

Given Info: The compound is ${\text{CBr}}_{\text{4}}$.

Explanation:

A covalent bond is formed when electron pairs are shared by two atoms. A covalent bond is formed when two nonmetals combine or compounds that are gases, liquids or have low melting points.

Ionic bonds are formed by electrostatic interactions between an electropositive and electronegative atom. An ionic bond forms when a metal and a nonmetal combine or a metal combines with polyatomic anions.

In the compound ${\text{CBr}}_{\text{4}}$, carbon and bromine are nonmetals. Therefore, ${\text{CBr}}_{\text{4}}$ is a covalent compound.

Conclusion:

Therefore, ${\text{CBr}}_{\text{4}}$ is a covalent compound.

(e)

To determine

The compound ${\text{C}}_{\text{12}}{\text{H}}_{\text{22}}{\text{O}}_{\text{11}}$ is ionic or covalent.

Answer to Problem 27E

The compound ${\text{C}}_{\text{12}}{\text{H}}_{\text{22}}{\text{O}}_{\text{11}}$ is covalent.

Explanation of Solution

Given Info: The compound is ${\text{C}}_{\text{12}}{\text{H}}_{\text{22}}{\text{O}}_{\text{11}}$.

Explanation:

A covalent bond is formed when electron pairs are shared by two atoms. A covalent bond is formed when two nonmetals combine or compounds that are gases, liquids or have low melting points.

Ionic bonds are formed by electrostatic interactions between an electropositive and electronegative atom. An ionic bond forms when a metal and a nonmetal combine or a metal combines with polyatomic anions.

In the compound ${\text{C}}_{\text{12}}{\text{H}}_{\text{22}}{\text{O}}_{\text{11}}$, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are nonmetals. Therefore, ${\text{C}}_{\text{12}}{\text{H}}_{\text{22}}{\text{O}}_{\text{11}}$ is a covalent compound.

Conclusion:

Therefore, ${\text{C}}_{\text{12}}{\text{H}}_{\text{22}}{\text{O}}_{\text{11}}$ is a covalent compound.

(f)

To determine

The compound ${\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\right)}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$ is ionic or covalent.

Answer to Problem 27E

The compound ${\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\right)}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$ is ionic.

Explanation of Solution

Given Info: The compound is ${\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\right)}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$.

Explanation:

A covalent bond is formed when electron pairs are shared by two atoms. A stable covalent molecule is formed only when the octet rule is followed for the atoms which share electron pairs. A covalent bond is formed when two nonmetals combine or compounds that are gases, liquids or have low melting points.

Ionic bonds are formed by electrostatic interactions between an electropositive and electronegative atom. An ionic bond forms when a metal and a nonmetal combine or a metal combines with polyatomic anions.

In the compound ${\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\right)}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$, ammonium is polyatomic cation and phosphate is a polyatomic anion. Therefore, ${\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\right)}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$ is an ionic compound.

Conclusion:

Therefore, ${\left({\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}\right)}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}$ is an ionic compound.