When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain pneumococci, he discovered that (a) the mice were unharmed (b) the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria (c) the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria (d) DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice (e) DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria

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Answer 1

Textbook Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1TYU

When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain pneumococci, he discovered that (a) the mice were unharmed (b) the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria (c) the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria (d) DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice (e) DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction: Transformation is a process by which bacterial cells uptake naked DNA from its environment. It is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which the genome of the bacteria gets altered due to the uptake of foreign gene. The experimental demonstration of transformation was done by bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.

Answer to Problem 1TYU

Correct answer: When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain of pneumococci, he discovered that the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Explanation of Solution

Reason for the correct answer:

Frederick Griffith’s principle of transformation states that a harmless strain of bacteria can be made virulent by exposing it to heat-killed bacterial strains. Griffith started the experiment to find out a vaccine against pneumonia. He selected two strains of pneumococci:

1. Smooth (S) strain that has a polysaccharide coat which makes them virulent strain.
2. Rough (R) strain that lacks capsule which makes them non-virulent strain.

The mice died when they were injected with the virulent S form of pneumococci. Pneumonia was not caused when the non-virulent R strain injection was given to the mice. Again mice survived when they were injected with the heat-killed S form. Then a mixture of heat-killed S and R strain was injected to the mice. The mice died by causing pneumonia. By all these observations, it concluded that virulent genes from the heat-killed S strain that causes pneumonia in mice got transformed to the non-virulent living R strain. Hence, he concluded that the transformation of the virulent gene made the harmless bacteria dangerous.

Option (c) is given as “the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria”.

The mice died and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Reasons for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given as, “the mice were unharmed”.

In the Griffith experiment, the mice died when injected with a combination of live rough cells and heat-killed smooth cells.

Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

Option (b) is given as, “the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria”.

The dead mice contained living smooth cells but not living rough cells.

Hence, option (b) is incorrect.

Option (d) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice”.

The DNA from bacteria does not usually transfer to the host in which it lives. The DNA of mice was unaffected due to the presence of bacteria.

Hence, option (d) is incorrect.

Option (e) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria”.

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria.

Hence, option (e) is incorrect.

Hence, the options (a), (b), (d), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria. Thus, the mice die and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Textbook Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1TYU

When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain pneumococci, he discovered that (a) the mice were unharmed (b) the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria (c) the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria (d) DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice (e) DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction: Transformation is a process by which bacterial cells uptake naked DNA from its environment. It is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which the genome of the bacteria gets altered due to the uptake of foreign gene. The experimental demonstration of transformation was done by bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.

Answer to Problem 1TYU

Correct answer: When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain of pneumococci, he discovered that the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Explanation of Solution

Reason for the correct answer:

Frederick Griffith’s principle of transformation states that a harmless strain of bacteria can be made virulent by exposing it to heat-killed bacterial strains. Griffith started the experiment to find out a vaccine against pneumonia. He selected two strains of pneumococci:

1. Smooth (S) strain that has a polysaccharide coat which makes them virulent strain.
2. Rough (R) strain that lacks capsule which makes them non-virulent strain.

The mice died when they were injected with the virulent S form of pneumococci. Pneumonia was not caused when the non-virulent R strain injection was given to the mice. Again mice survived when they were injected with the heat-killed S form. Then a mixture of heat-killed S and R strain was injected to the mice. The mice died by causing pneumonia. By all these observations, it concluded that virulent genes from the heat-killed S strain that causes pneumonia in mice got transformed to the non-virulent living R strain. Hence, he concluded that the transformation of the virulent gene made the harmless bacteria dangerous.

Option (c) is given as “the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria”.

The mice died and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Reasons for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given as, “the mice were unharmed”.

In the Griffith experiment, the mice died when injected with a combination of live rough cells and heat-killed smooth cells.

Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

Option (b) is given as, “the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria”.

The dead mice contained living smooth cells but not living rough cells.

Hence, option (b) is incorrect.

Option (d) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice”.

The DNA from bacteria does not usually transfer to the host in which it lives. The DNA of mice was unaffected due to the presence of bacteria.

Hence, option (d) is incorrect.

Option (e) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria”.

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria.

Hence, option (e) is incorrect.

Hence, the options (a), (b), (d), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria. Thus, the mice die and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

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Answer 3

Textbook Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1TYU

When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain pneumococci, he discovered that (a) the mice were unharmed (b) the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria (c) the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria (d) DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice (e) DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction: Transformation is a process by which bacterial cells uptake naked DNA from its environment. It is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which the genome of the bacteria gets altered due to the uptake of foreign gene. The experimental demonstration of transformation was done by bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.

Answer to Problem 1TYU

Correct answer: When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain of pneumococci, he discovered that the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Explanation of Solution

Reason for the correct answer:

Frederick Griffith’s principle of transformation states that a harmless strain of bacteria can be made virulent by exposing it to heat-killed bacterial strains. Griffith started the experiment to find out a vaccine against pneumonia. He selected two strains of pneumococci:

1. Smooth (S) strain that has a polysaccharide coat which makes them virulent strain.
2. Rough (R) strain that lacks capsule which makes them non-virulent strain.

The mice died when they were injected with the virulent S form of pneumococci. Pneumonia was not caused when the non-virulent R strain injection was given to the mice. Again mice survived when they were injected with the heat-killed S form. Then a mixture of heat-killed S and R strain was injected to the mice. The mice died by causing pneumonia. By all these observations, it concluded that virulent genes from the heat-killed S strain that causes pneumonia in mice got transformed to the non-virulent living R strain. Hence, he concluded that the transformation of the virulent gene made the harmless bacteria dangerous.

Option (c) is given as “the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria”.

The mice died and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Reasons for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given as, “the mice were unharmed”.

In the Griffith experiment, the mice died when injected with a combination of live rough cells and heat-killed smooth cells.

Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

Option (b) is given as, “the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria”.

The dead mice contained living smooth cells but not living rough cells.

Hence, option (b) is incorrect.

Option (d) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice”.

The DNA from bacteria does not usually transfer to the host in which it lives. The DNA of mice was unaffected due to the presence of bacteria.

Hence, option (d) is incorrect.

Option (e) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria”.

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria.

Hence, option (e) is incorrect.

Hence, the options (a), (b), (d), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria. Thus, the mice die and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Textbook Question

Chapter 12, Problem 1TYU

When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain pneumococci, he discovered that (a) the mice were unharmed (b) the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria (c) the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria (d) DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice (e) DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction: Transformation is a process by which bacterial cells uptake naked DNA from its environment. It is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which the genome of the bacteria gets altered due to the uptake of foreign gene. The experimental demonstration of transformation was done by bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.

Answer to Problem 1TYU

Correct answer: When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain of pneumococci, he discovered that the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Explanation of Solution

Reason for the correct answer:

Frederick Griffith’s principle of transformation states that a harmless strain of bacteria can be made virulent by exposing it to heat-killed bacterial strains. Griffith started the experiment to find out a vaccine against pneumonia. He selected two strains of pneumococci:

1. Smooth (S) strain that has a polysaccharide coat which makes them virulent strain.
2. Rough (R) strain that lacks capsule which makes them non-virulent strain.

The mice died when they were injected with the virulent S form of pneumococci. Pneumonia was not caused when the non-virulent R strain injection was given to the mice. Again mice survived when they were injected with the heat-killed S form. Then a mixture of heat-killed S and R strain was injected to the mice. The mice died by causing pneumonia. By all these observations, it concluded that virulent genes from the heat-killed S strain that causes pneumonia in mice got transformed to the non-virulent living R strain. Hence, he concluded that the transformation of the virulent gene made the harmless bacteria dangerous.

Option (c) is given as “the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria”.

The mice died and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Reasons for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given as, “the mice were unharmed”.

In the Griffith experiment, the mice died when injected with a combination of live rough cells and heat-killed smooth cells.

Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

Option (b) is given as, “the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria”.

The dead mice contained living smooth cells but not living rough cells.

Hence, option (b) is incorrect.

Option (d) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice”.

The DNA from bacteria does not usually transfer to the host in which it lives. The DNA of mice was unaffected due to the presence of bacteria.

Hence, option (d) is incorrect.

Option (e) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria”.

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria.

Hence, option (e) is incorrect.

Hence, the options (a), (b), (d), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria. Thus, the mice die and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Textbook Question

Answer 6

Textbook Question

Answer 7

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction: Transformation is a process by which bacterial cells uptake naked DNA from its environment. It is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which the genome of the bacteria gets altered due to the uptake of foreign gene. The experimental demonstration of transformation was done by bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.

Answer to Problem 1TYU

Correct answer: When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain of pneumococci, he discovered that the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Explanation of Solution

Reason for the correct answer:

Frederick Griffith’s principle of transformation states that a harmless strain of bacteria can be made virulent by exposing it to heat-killed bacterial strains. Griffith started the experiment to find out a vaccine against pneumonia. He selected two strains of pneumococci:

1. Smooth (S) strain that has a polysaccharide coat which makes them virulent strain.
2. Rough (R) strain that lacks capsule which makes them non-virulent strain.

The mice died when they were injected with the virulent S form of pneumococci. Pneumonia was not caused when the non-virulent R strain injection was given to the mice. Again mice survived when they were injected with the heat-killed S form. Then a mixture of heat-killed S and R strain was injected to the mice. The mice died by causing pneumonia. By all these observations, it concluded that virulent genes from the heat-killed S strain that causes pneumonia in mice got transformed to the non-virulent living R strain. Hence, he concluded that the transformation of the virulent gene made the harmless bacteria dangerous.

Option (c) is given as “the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria”.

The mice died and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Reasons for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given as, “the mice were unharmed”.

In the Griffith experiment, the mice died when injected with a combination of live rough cells and heat-killed smooth cells.

Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

Option (b) is given as, “the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria”.

The dead mice contained living smooth cells but not living rough cells.

Hence, option (b) is incorrect.

Option (d) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice”.

The DNA from bacteria does not usually transfer to the host in which it lives. The DNA of mice was unaffected due to the presence of bacteria.

Hence, option (d) is incorrect.

Option (e) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria”.

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria.

Hence, option (e) is incorrect.

Hence, the options (a), (b), (d), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria. Thus, the mice die and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Summary Introduction

Introduction: Transformation is a process by which bacterial cells uptake naked DNA from its environment. It is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which the genome of the bacteria gets altered due to the uptake of foreign gene. The experimental demonstration of transformation was done by bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.

Answer to Problem 1TYU

Correct answer: When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain of pneumococci, he discovered that the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Explanation of Solution

Reason for the correct answer:

Frederick Griffith’s principle of transformation states that a harmless strain of bacteria can be made virulent by exposing it to heat-killed bacterial strains. Griffith started the experiment to find out a vaccine against pneumonia. He selected two strains of pneumococci:

1. Smooth (S) strain that has a polysaccharide coat which makes them virulent strain.
2. Rough (R) strain that lacks capsule which makes them non-virulent strain.

The mice died when they were injected with the virulent S form of pneumococci. Pneumonia was not caused when the non-virulent R strain injection was given to the mice. Again mice survived when they were injected with the heat-killed S form. Then a mixture of heat-killed S and R strain was injected to the mice. The mice died by causing pneumonia. By all these observations, it concluded that virulent genes from the heat-killed S strain that causes pneumonia in mice got transformed to the non-virulent living R strain. Hence, he concluded that the transformation of the virulent gene made the harmless bacteria dangerous.

Option (c) is given as “the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria”.

The mice died and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Reasons for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given as, “the mice were unharmed”.

In the Griffith experiment, the mice died when injected with a combination of live rough cells and heat-killed smooth cells.

Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

Option (b) is given as, “the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria”.

The dead mice contained living smooth cells but not living rough cells.

Hence, option (b) is incorrect.

Option (d) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice”.

The DNA from bacteria does not usually transfer to the host in which it lives. The DNA of mice was unaffected due to the presence of bacteria.

Hence, option (d) is incorrect.

Option (e) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria”.

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria.

Hence, option (e) is incorrect.

Hence, the options (a), (b), (d), and (e) are incorrect.

Conclusion

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria. Thus, the mice die and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Answer 9

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 10

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 11

Summary Introduction

Introduction: Transformation is a process by which bacterial cells uptake naked DNA from its environment. It is a process of horizontal gene transfer by which the genome of the bacteria gets altered due to the uptake of foreign gene. The experimental demonstration of transformation was done by bacteriologist Frederick Griffith.

Answer 12

Answer to Problem 1TYU

Correct answer: When Griffith injected mice with a combination of live rough-strain and heat-killed smooth-strain of pneumococci, he discovered that the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Answer 13

Explanation of Solution

Reason for the correct answer:

Frederick Griffith’s principle of transformation states that a harmless strain of bacteria can be made virulent by exposing it to heat-killed bacterial strains. Griffith started the experiment to find out a vaccine against pneumonia. He selected two strains of pneumococci:

1. Smooth (S) strain that has a polysaccharide coat which makes them virulent strain.
2. Rough (R) strain that lacks capsule which makes them non-virulent strain.

The mice died when they were injected with the virulent S form of pneumococci. Pneumonia was not caused when the non-virulent R strain injection was given to the mice. Again mice survived when they were injected with the heat-killed S form. Then a mixture of heat-killed S and R strain was injected to the mice. The mice died by causing pneumonia. By all these observations, it concluded that virulent genes from the heat-killed S strain that causes pneumonia in mice got transformed to the non-virulent living R strain. Hence, he concluded that the transformation of the virulent gene made the harmless bacteria dangerous.

Option (c) is given as “the dead mice contained living smooth-strain bacteria”.

The mice died and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Hence, the correct answer is option (c).

Reasons for incorrect answers:

Option (a) is given as, “the mice were unharmed”.

In the Griffith experiment, the mice died when injected with a combination of live rough cells and heat-killed smooth cells.

Hence, option (a) is incorrect.

Option (b) is given as, “the dead mice contained living rough-strain bacteria”.

The dead mice contained living smooth cells but not living rough cells.

Hence, option (b) is incorrect.

Option (d) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to the mice”.

The DNA from bacteria does not usually transfer to the host in which it lives. The DNA of mice was unaffected due to the presence of bacteria.

Hence, option (d) is incorrect.

Option (e) is given as, “DNA had been transferred from the rough-strain bacteria to the smooth-strain bacteria”.

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria.

Hence, option (e) is incorrect.

Hence, the options (a), (b), (d), and (e) are incorrect.

Answer 14

Conclusion

The DNA was transferred from the smooth-strain bacteria to rough-strain bacteria. Thus, the mice die and live smooth cells were found in the dead mice.

Answer 15

Ch. 12.1 - Summarize the evidence that accumulated during the...Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2LO Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 1C Ch. 12.1 - Prob. 2C Ch. 12.2 - Explain how nucleotide subunits link to form a...Ch. 12.2 - Describe how the two strands of DNA are oriented...Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 5LO Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 1C Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 2C Ch. 12.2 - Prob. 3C

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Answer to Problem 1TYU

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