The effect when lipid bilayer vesicles where Na + pumps as sole membrane protein are suspended in a solution containing Na + and K + ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them. Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na + pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na + ) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K + ) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 16Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when lipid bilayer vesicles where Na⁺ pumps as sole membrane protein are suspended in a solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect to the lipid bilayer vesicle if ATP is added to the suspension of solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the ATP is added with outside as well as inside the lipid bilayer vesicle containing only Na⁺ and K⁺ ions is absent.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ion was with the same ionic composition, but half of the pump molecules embedded in the membrane of each vesicle were oriented the other way around, so that the normally cytosolic portions of these molecules faced the inside of the vesicles and ATP is added to the suspension.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when ATP is added to the suspension of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them, but in addition to Na⁺ pumps, the membrane of the lipid bilayer vesicles also contains K⁺ leak channels.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

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Question #3: In the KeyGene paper, the authors state that it would be useful if pollen from an apomict would transmit apomixis-inducing genes to the female in the cross (assuming the pollen is viable). Assuming there was just one gene conferring gametophytic obligate apomixis, and that the two parents are inbreds, what would be the consequences of such a cross if: a) The apomixis was a dominant trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the parental cross. b) The apomixis was a recessive trait? Indicate the genotypes and phenotypes (apomict or non- apomict) of the parents, F1 and F2 generations. Remember to include the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios (or percentages) in the F1 and F2 generations, and to position the female first (left side) in the…

Question #5: Assume that two genes are identified that confer gametophytic facultative apomixis in soybean. The genes show independent assortment. Recessive alleles at both loci are required for the facultative apomixis. Facultative apomixis is triggered when the temperature at pollination is above 20 degrees C. At temperatures below 20 degrees C, all reproduction is sexual, independent of genotype. A facultative apomict male, capable of producing viable pollen, was crossed with a sexually reproducing female. Assuming the parents are completely inbred, what are the predicted phenotypic ratios (apomict: non-apomict) for the F1, F2, and DH (F1-derived) generations at each of the following temperatures*: a) 15°C? b) 25°C? *for full credit, show crosses and genotypes where appropriate. Remember to position the female first (left side) in the cross. Type your answer here:

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 16Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when lipid bilayer vesicles where Na⁺ pumps as sole membrane protein are suspended in a solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect to the lipid bilayer vesicle if ATP is added to the suspension of solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the ATP is added with outside as well as inside the lipid bilayer vesicle containing only Na⁺ and K⁺ ions is absent.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ion was with the same ionic composition, but half of the pump molecules embedded in the membrane of each vesicle were oriented the other way around, so that the normally cytosolic portions of these molecules faced the inside of the vesicles and ATP is added to the suspension.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when ATP is added to the suspension of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them, but in addition to Na⁺ pumps, the membrane of the lipid bilayer vesicles also contains K⁺ leak channels.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 16Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when lipid bilayer vesicles where Na⁺ pumps as sole membrane protein are suspended in a solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect to the lipid bilayer vesicle if ATP is added to the suspension of solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the ATP is added with outside as well as inside the lipid bilayer vesicle containing only Na⁺ and K⁺ ions is absent.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ion was with the same ionic composition, but half of the pump molecules embedded in the membrane of each vesicle were oriented the other way around, so that the normally cytosolic portions of these molecules faced the inside of the vesicles and ATP is added to the suspension.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when ATP is added to the suspension of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them, but in addition to Na⁺ pumps, the membrane of the lipid bilayer vesicles also contains K⁺ leak channels.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 12, Problem 16Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when lipid bilayer vesicles where Na⁺ pumps as sole membrane protein are suspended in a solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect to the lipid bilayer vesicle if ATP is added to the suspension of solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the ATP is added with outside as well as inside the lipid bilayer vesicle containing only Na⁺ and K⁺ ions is absent.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ion was with the same ionic composition, but half of the pump molecules embedded in the membrane of each vesicle were oriented the other way around, so that the normally cytosolic portions of these molecules faced the inside of the vesicles and ATP is added to the suspension.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when ATP is added to the suspension of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them, but in addition to Na⁺ pumps, the membrane of the lipid bilayer vesicles also contains K⁺ leak channels.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

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Answer 5

Chapter 12, Problem 16Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when lipid bilayer vesicles where Na⁺ pumps as sole membrane protein are suspended in a solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect to the lipid bilayer vesicle if ATP is added to the suspension of solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the ATP is added with outside as well as inside the lipid bilayer vesicle containing only Na⁺ and K⁺ ions is absent.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ion was with the same ionic composition, but half of the pump molecules embedded in the membrane of each vesicle were oriented the other way around, so that the normally cytosolic portions of these molecules faced the inside of the vesicles and ATP is added to the suspension.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when ATP is added to the suspension of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them, but in addition to Na⁺ pumps, the membrane of the lipid bilayer vesicles also contains K⁺ leak channels.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 6

Chapter 12, Problem 16Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when lipid bilayer vesicles where Na⁺ pumps as sole membrane protein are suspended in a solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 7

Chapter 12, Problem 16Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when lipid bilayer vesicles where Na⁺ pumps as sole membrane protein are suspended in a solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 8

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect to the lipid bilayer vesicle if ATP is added to the suspension of solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 9

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect to the lipid bilayer vesicle if ATP is added to the suspension of solution containing Na⁺ and K⁺ ions.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 10

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the ATP is added with outside as well as inside the lipid bilayer vesicle containing only Na⁺ and K⁺ ions is absent.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 11

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the ATP is added with outside as well as inside the lipid bilayer vesicle containing only Na⁺ and K⁺ ions is absent.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 12

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ion was with the same ionic composition, but half of the pump molecules embedded in the membrane of each vesicle were oriented the other way around, so that the normally cytosolic portions of these molecules faced the inside of the vesicles and ATP is added to the suspension.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 13

D.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when the concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ion was with the same ionic composition, but half of the pump molecules embedded in the membrane of each vesicle were oriented the other way around, so that the normally cytosolic portions of these molecules faced the inside of the vesicles and ATP is added to the suspension.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 14

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when ATP is added to the suspension of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them, but in addition to Na⁺ pumps, the membrane of the lipid bilayer vesicles also contains K⁺ leak channels.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 15

E.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The effect when ATP is added to the suspension of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions with a solution with same ionic composition inside them, but in addition to Na⁺ pumps, the membrane of the lipid bilayer vesicles also contains K⁺ leak channels.

Introduction: Phospholipid bilayer is composed of two leaflets of amphipathic lipid molecules whose polar head groups are in contrast with the intra or extracellular aqueous phage, whereas the non-polar tails face each other constituting hydrophobic interior of the membrane in the vesicle. This vesicle is constructed in such a way where sodium pumps (Na⁺ pumps) act as a sole membrane protein and in each pump sodium ion (Na⁺) is transported in one way, and potassium ion (K⁺) is transported in other way in each pumping cycle.

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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Answer 18

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Answer 19

Ch. 12 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 12 - Prob. 10Q

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