Chapter 12, Problem 12.3P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the type of force that prevents ice cubes to adopt the shape of the container is intramolecular or intermolecular is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase is defined as the physical state of a substance. The properties of a phase are determined by the interaction of the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ and kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ of particles. There are three major phases as follows:

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

In gases, the value of kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ is greater than potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ so the particles can move freely without any force of attraction towards each other while in the case of solids, the value of $E_p$ is greater than $E_{\text{k}}$ so the solid particle cannot move freely and remain vibrating at one place. In the case of liquids, the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ is greater as compared to gases but still, the particles can move but less than the gases.

Intramolecular forces operate within a molecule so these properties do not change with change in the phase of a substance. These forces affect the chemical properties of the substance. While intermolecular forces operate between the molecules so changes with change in the phase and effects with physical properties of the substance.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the type of force that is overcome when the ice melts is intramolecular or intermolecular is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase is defined as the physical state of a substance. The properties of a phase are determined by the interaction of the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ and kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ of particles. There are three major phases as follows:

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

In gases, the value of kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ is greater than potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ so the particles can move freely without any force of attraction towards each other while in the case of solids, the value of $E_p$ is greater than $E_{\text{k}}$ so the solid particle cannot move freely and remain vibrating at one place. In the case of liquids, the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ is greater as compared to gases but still, the particles can move but less than the gases.

Intramolecular forces operate within a molecule so these properties do not change with change in the phase of a substance. These forces affect the chemical properties of the substance. While intermolecular forces operate between the molecules so changes with change in the phase and effects with physical properties of the substance.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the type of force that is overcome when liquid water is vaporized is intramolecular or intermolecular is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase is defined as the physical state of a substance. The properties of a phase are determined by the interaction of the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ and kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ of particles. There are three major phases as follows:

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

In gases, the value of kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ is greater than potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ so the particles can move freely without any force of attraction towards each other while in the case of solids, the value of $E_p$ is greater than $E_{\text{k}}$ so the solid particle cannot move freely and remain vibrating at one place. In the case of liquids, the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ is greater as compared to gases but still, the particles can move but less than the gases.

Intramolecular forces operate within a molecule so these properties do not change with change in the phase of a substance. These forces affect the chemical properties of the substance. While intermolecular forces operate between the molecules so changes with change in the phase and effects with physical properties of the substance.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether the type of force that is overcome when gaseous water is converted to hydrogen gas and oxygen gas is intramolecular or intermolecular is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The phase is defined as the physical state of a substance. The properties of a phase are determined by the interaction of the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ and kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ of particles. There are three major phases as follows:

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

In gases, the value of kinetic energy $\left(E_{\text{k}}\right)$ is greater than potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ so the particles can move freely without any force of attraction towards each other while in the case of solids, the value of $E_p$ is greater than $E_{\text{k}}$ so the solid particle cannot move freely and remain vibrating at one place. In the case of liquids, the potential energy $\left(E_p\right)$ is greater as compared to gases but still, the particles can move but less than the gases.

Intramolecular forces operate within a molecule so these properties do not change with change in the phase of a substance. These forces affect the chemical properties of the substance. While intermolecular forces operate between the molecules so changes with change in the phase and effects with physical properties of the substance.