Concept Introduction:
Income statement
Income statement, also known as Statement of revenue and expense measures company's financial performance over an accounting period (say for a year, a quarter). In this statement, total expenses are deducted from total revenues to arrive at net income or loss for the period.
Variable expenses
The expenses which are associated with the amount of goods produced or services provided. These vary directly with the production level i.e. company's variable cost increases as the production increases and vice-a-versa.
Fixed expenses
These expenses do not vary with the level of production. They do not change with the amount of goods or services a company produces. They remain same even if the company does not produce any product or provide any service during an accounting period.
Requirement a:
Income statement in the contribution margin format
Concept Introduction:
Contribution margin
It is the difference between total revenue and variable expenses. Contribution margin equals the amount that sales exceed variable costs. It measures how efficiently a company can produce products and maintain low levels of variable cost.
Contribution margin, when expressed in percentage form is known as Contribution margin ratio and can be calculated as follows:
Variable expenses
The expenses which are associated with the amount of goods produced or services provided. These vary directly with the production level i.e. company's variable cost increases as the production increases and vice-a-versa.
Requirement b:
To calculate:
Contribution margin per unit and contribution margin ratio
Concept Introduction:
Contribution margin
It is the difference between total revenue and variable expenses. Contribution margin equals the amount that sales exceed variable costs. It measures how efficiently a company can produce products and maintain low levels of variable cost.
Requirement c:
To calculate:
Firm's operating income (or loss) if volume changes to
- 12,000 units
- 4,000 units
Concept Introduction:
Contribution margin
It is the difference between total revenue and variable expenses. Contribution margin equals the amount that sales exceed variable costs. It measures how efficiently a company can produce products and maintain low levels of variable cost.
Contribution margin, when expressed in percentage form is known as Contribution margin ratio and can be calculated as follows:
Requirement d:
To calculate:
Firm's operating income (or loss) if total revenue
- Increases $12,000
- Decreases $7,000

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Chapter 12 Solutions
Accounting: What the Numbers Mean
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