Chapter 12, Problem 108AP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The total number of valence electrons in the given molecule is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Principal energy levels contain orbitals in which electrons are present. The electrons present in outermost principal energy levels take part in the chemical reactions. They are referred to as valence electrons. The electrons other than valence electrons are referred to as core electrons.

Answer to Problem 108AP

The total number of valence electrons in ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}$ is $24$.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}$. The number of valence electrons in $\text{H}$, $\text{N}$ and $\text{O}$ is $1,5$ and $6$ respectively.

The total number of valence electrons in ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}$ is calculated as shown below.

$\text{Total}\text{valence}\text{electrons}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{H}\right)+\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{N}\right)\\ +\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{O}\right)\end{array}\right)$

Where,

• $\text{n}$ is the number of atoms.

Substitute the values of $\text{n}$, valence electrons of $\text{H,}\text{N}$ and $\text{O}$ in the above expression.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Total}\text{valence}\text{electrons}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{H}\right)+\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{N}\right)\\ +\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{O}\right)\end{array}\right)\\ =1\left(1\right)+1\left(5\right)+3\left(6\right)\\ =24\text{valence}\text{electrons}\end{array}$

Therefore, the total number of valence electrons in ${\text{HNO}}_{\text{3}}$ is $24$.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The total number of valence electrons in the given molecule is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Principal energy levels contain orbitals in which electrons are present. The electrons present in outermost principal energy levels take part in the chemical reactions. They are referred to as valence electrons. The electrons other than valence electrons are referred to as core electrons.

Answer to Problem 108AP

The total number of valence electrons in ${\text{H}}_2{\text{SO}}_4$ is $32$.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is ${\text{H}}_2{\text{SO}}_4$. The number of valence electrons in $\text{H}$, $\text{S}$ and $\text{O}$ is $1,6$ and $6$ respectively.

The total number of valence electrons in ${\text{H}}_2{\text{SO}}_4$ is calculated as shown below.

$\text{Total}\text{valence}\text{electrons}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{H}\right)+\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{S}\right)\\ +\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{O}\right)\end{array}\right)$

Where,

• $\text{n}$ is the number of atoms.

Substitute the values of $\text{n}$, valence electrons of $\text{H,}\text{S}$ and $\text{O}$ in the above expression.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Total}\text{valence}\text{electrons}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{H}\right)+\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{S}\right)\\ +\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{O}\right)\end{array}\right)\\ =2\left(1\right)+1\left(6\right)+4\left(6\right)\\ =32\text{valence}\text{electrons}\end{array}$

Therefore, the total number of valence electrons in ${\text{H}}_2{\text{SO}}_4$ is $32$.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The total number of valence electrons in the given molecule is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Principal energy levels contain orbitals in which electrons are present. The electrons present in outermost principal energy levels take part in the chemical reactions. They are referred to as valence electrons. The electrons other than valence electrons are referred to as core electrons.

Answer to Problem 108AP

The total number of valence electrons in ${\text{H}}_3{\text{PO}}_4$ is $32$.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is ${\text{H}}_3{\text{PO}}_4$. The number of valence electrons in $\text{H}$, $\text{P}$ and $\text{O}$ is $1,5$ and $6$ respectively.

The total number of valence electrons in ${\text{H}}_3{\text{PO}}_4$ is calculated as shown below.

$\text{Total}\text{valence}\text{electrons}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{H}\right)+\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{P}\right)\\ +\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{O}\right)\end{array}\right)$

Where,

• $\text{n}$ is the number of atoms.

Substitute the values of $\text{n}$, valence electrons of $\text{H,}\text{P}$ and $\text{O}$ in the above expression.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Total}\text{valence}\text{electrons}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{H}\right)+\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{P}\right)\\ +\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{O}\right)\end{array}\right)\\ =3\left(1\right)+1\left(5\right)+4\left(6\right)\\ =32\text{valence}\text{electrons}\end{array}$

Therefore, the total number of valence electrons in ${\text{H}}_3{\text{PO}}_4$ is $32$.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The total number of valence electrons in the given molecule is to be stated.

Concept Introduction:

Principal energy levels contain orbitals in which electrons are present. The electrons present in outermost principal energy levels take part in the chemical reactions. They are referred to as valence electrons. The electrons other than valence electrons are referred to as core electrons.

Answer to Problem 108AP

The total number of valence electrons in ${\text{HClO}}_4$ is $32$.

Explanation of Solution

The given molecule is ${\text{HClO}}_4$. The number of valence electrons in $\text{H}$, $\text{Cl}$ and $\text{O}$ is $1,7$ and $6$ respectively.

The total number of valence electrons in ${\text{HClO}}_4$ is calculated as shown below.

$\text{Total}\text{valence}\text{electrons}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{H}\right)+\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{Cl}\right)\\ +\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{O}\right)\end{array}\right)$

Where,

• $\text{n}$ is the number of atoms.

Substitute the values of $\text{n}$, valence electrons of $\text{H,}\text{Cl}$ and $\text{O}$ in the above expression.

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Total}\text{valence}\text{electrons}=\left(\begin{array}{l}\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{H}\right)+\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{Cl}\right)\\ +\text{n}\left(\text{Valence}\text{electrons}\text{in}\text{O}\right)\end{array}\right)\\ =1\left(1\right)+1\left(7\right)+4\left(6\right)\\ =32\text{valence}\text{electrons}\end{array}$

Therefore, the total number of valence electrons in ${\text{HClO}}_4$ is $32$.