EBK WHAT IS LIFE? A GUIDE TO BIOLOGY
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781319159153
Author: PHELAN
Publisher: VST
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Chapter 11, Problem 1MC
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Animals evolve to spend as little effort as possible while deriving maximum benefit.
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Great white sharks prefer marine mammals like seals but can eat a number of other prey items, including birds and fish. According to the table below, what is the critical search time for seals, above which great white sharks should choose to eat an albatross if they encounter one?
Prey item: seal (energy = 60 Mcals, handling time = 5 minutes)
Prey item: albatross (energy = 10 Mcals, handling time = 2 minutes)
According to optimal foraging theory
a. individuals minimize energy intake per unit of time.
b. energy content of a food item is the only determinant of a forager’s food choice.
c. time taken to capture a food item is the only determinant of a forager’s food choice.
d. a higher energy item might be less valuable than a lower energy item if it takes too much time to capture the larger item.
If the rate of some process is governed by the abundance of prey individuals, we say that it is prey-dependent. Give some examples of prey-dependent processes.
Chapter 11 Solutions
EBK WHAT IS LIFE? A GUIDE TO BIOLOGY
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- According to optimal foraging theory.. organisms will have a tendency to select the smallest prey available if they are common, rather than exert more energy in capturing larger prey. predators will always maximize their rate of energy gain when they forage for more than 1 prey type. an organism can gain unlimited resources if it invests more energy into increasing its food intake. a predator will include prey with high handling times in their diet as long as their energy of rate intake increases.arrow_forwardA zoo is preparing to receive a pair of extremely rare species of tree kangaroos. Which of the following answer choices would be important to consider to meet the animal’s dietary needs? Select one: a. Feeding strategy b. Body mass and metabolic rate c. Ambient temperature d. Food color e. A, B, C, D are correctarrow_forwardWhich type of animal would require the most frequent feeding? Select one: a. An insectivorous mammal weighing 1.8 g b. An insectivorous lizard weight 1.8 g c. A dolphin weighing 90 kg d. A rhinoceros weighing 2000 kg e. A trout weighing 2 kgarrow_forward
- This is a system dynamics model of the Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey model. The two stocks in the model are prey and predators. The _________ __________ of the prey and predators change in response to the inflows ______and outflows_____. Each iteration the stock changes by the inflows minus the outflows, or ___________________________. The ___________ feedback is the result of the interconnections between the predator and the prey. The prey _________ the predators, and the predators ________the prey. This simple interaction allows the system to _____________. When the predators ________the prey, the small numbers of prey leads to the predators __________. With a __________ in predators the prey_____________, and the cycle continues.arrow_forwardOptimal foraging theory can make predictions about an animal’s food choice. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about optimal diet breadth as resource quality, handling time and distribution changes? As handling time increases, animals should specialize As the distance between resources increases, animals should generalize As the energy content of the resources increases, animals should generalize As the distance between patches increases, animals should stay longer in a patch The following diagrams show four distribution patterns of resources. Each circle represents one unit of a resource, say, a food item. For which of these distributions would the Marginal Value Theorem be useful for making predictions about optimal foraging behavior. (Shown in image)arrow_forwardA predator's foraging behavior can be altered by prey density is different ways (functional responses). While some predators consume more preys at higher prey density (e.g., spiders), other predators such as pelicans will slowly decrease prey consumption as prey density increases. What type of functional response will describe a backswimmer (aquatic predatory insect) that exhibits low prey consumption under low prey density, rapid prey consumption under moderate prey density that slows down at high prey density? O Type II O Type III O Type Iarrow_forward
- RobertMacArthur’s observations on the Warblers of North America indicate that they:a.are fiercely competitive.b.cannot coexist.c. reduce competition by feeding duringdifferent times of the day.d.reduce competition by feeding in different zones.e.both are fiercely competitive and cannot coexist.arrow_forwardOptimal foraging theory suggest that a predator selects among possible prey based on their relative profitability (energy gained per unit of energy expended). Do you think that predator directly evaluate the profitability of potential prey items before selecting or rejecting them ? If not, how mighta foraging strategy evolve ?arrow_forwardBeavers are nocturnal and therefore, eat mainly during the night. Beavers normally eat the bark of trees, leaves, twigs, lily roots and the buds of deciduous trees. How do the claws of the beaver help it to compete for its food? A) The beaver's claws help it to dig holes to search for animals hiding underground. B) The beaver's claws help it to hide its face when predators are near. C) The beaver's claws help it to feel for food in the grass in the darkness of the night. D) The beaver's claws help it to climb high into trees to obtain its food.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about functional response curves is FALSE? O Under Type 3 curves, food intake increase slowly at the lowest prey densities O Type 2 curves can arise when there is substantial handling time involved in capturing and eating prey. O Type 1 curves are the most common found in nature. O For all functional response curves, food intake becomes limited by internal factors at high prey densities.arrow_forwardBriefly discuss two ways in which prey animals are adapted to avoid predators.arrow_forwardAn animal has a choice between two food patches. It can choose A, which has more individuals and more food, or B, with less individuals and less food. Which of the following is true? (Select all that apply.) Animals at both food patches have about the same amount of food available per individual It will choose A regardless of the situation, because there is more food there O It will choose based on which patch will give it the most food availability It will choose B regardless of the situation, because there is less competition therearrow_forward
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