Pathophysiology
6th Edition
ISBN: 9780323354813
Author: Jacquelyn L. Banasik PhD ARNP
Publisher: Saunders
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Chapter 11, Problem 1KQ
Summary Introduction
To describe: Based on the type of malignant transformation, find how the various types of lymphoma, leukemia, and plasma cell myelomas differ.
Introduction: The process through which the normal or benign tumor cells acquire the properties of cancer is termed as the malignant transformation. Thus, the changes or an alteration in which a normal cell undergoes when it becomes a cancerous cell is called malignant transformation.
Expert Solution & Answer
Explanation of Solution
The lymphoma, leukemia, and plasma cell myeloma are the common neoplastic disorders of the lymphoid tissues and the bone marrow. Leukemia is a kind of malignant neoplasm of the immature stem cells. This is characterized by the diffusion and replacement of the bone marrow with the neoplastic blasts. The lymphoma is characterized by the malignancy of the cells of the lymphoid tissues including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells. It usually arises in the lymph nodes. The plasma cell myeloma occurs due to the malignant transformation of mature B cells that secrete antibodies.
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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation?
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A sample of blood was taken from the above individual and prepared for haemoglobin analysis. However, when water was added the cells did not lyse and looked normal in size and shape. The technician suspected that they had may have made an error in the protocol – what is the most likely explanation?
The cell membranes are more resistant than normal.
An isotonic solution had been added instead of water.
A solution of 0.1 M NaCl had been added instead of water.
Not enough water had been added to the red blood cell pellet.
The man had sickle-cell anaemia.
With reference to their absorption spectra of the oxy haemoglobin intact line) and deoxyhemoglobin (broken line) shown in Figure 2 below, how would you best explain the reason why there are differences in the major peaks of the spectra? Figure 2. SPECTRA OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED HAEMOGLOBIN OBTAINED WITH THE RECORDING SPECTROPHOTOMETER 1.4 Abs < 0.8 06 0.4 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 nm 1. The difference in the spectra is due to a pH change in the deoxy-haemoglobin due to uptake of CO2- 2. There is more oxygen-carrying plasma in the oxy-haemoglobin sample. 3. The change in Mr due to oxygen binding causes the oxy haemoglobin to have a higher absorbance peak. 4. Oxy-haemoglobin is contaminated by carbaminohemoglobin, and therefore has a higher absorbance peak 5. Oxy-haemoglobin absorbs more light of blue wavelengths and less of red wavelengths than deoxy-haemoglobin
Chapter 11 Solutions
Pathophysiology
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