Concept explainers
There are marked differences in the type of organisms found at four different locations at the same tidal height along a rocky shore. What might account for this? Offer at least three possible explanations.

To mention: The three possible explanations on the account for marked differences in the type of organisms found at four different locations at the same tidal height along a rocky shore.
Introduction: Rocky shores are the shores that are made from solid rock formed at the intertidal coastal area. Epifauna are the animals that live on the surface of rock or sand or even other organisms. The organisms that inhabits in the rocky intertidal area are fully exposed to the elements and experience a physical stress due to the exposure.
Explanation of Solution
Rocky shores can be characterized as a habitat to some of the most biologically diverse communities that are present throughout the world. As the ecosystem lies at the interface of sea and land, it exposes the organisms to the terrestrial and marine habitats alternately in rhythm with the tidal cycle. The organisms that are found in different locations of the rocky shore may vary and the marked differences may be due to the reasons as follows:
Physical factors: The physical factors may change the appearance and adaptations of the organisms living along the rocky shores. The physical factors are as follows:
- Exposure to the wave action: Locations on the rocky shore have different types of wave action including high, low, and moderate waves and the organisms living on such area have difference in their adaptation and appearances.
- The type of rocky substrate: Rocky substrate to which the organisms are struck varies in terms of stability, color, and other particulars.
- Relative exposure to light.
- Abrasion by sand due to proximity to a sandy shore.
- Presence of seeping fresh water and pollutants.
Biotic factors: In addition to the physical factors, there are some biotic or biological factors which are as follows:
- Food
- Predation
- Competition for the space
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Chapter 11 Solutions
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