Chapter 11, Problem 11.81QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

IUPAC name has to be provided and equation has to be written for hydration of the given molecule.

Concept Introduction:

A common nomenclature of naming organic compounds has been developed by IUPAC.  By usage of this nomenclature or rules, memorizing of names of organic compounds is not necessary.

IUPAC rules for naming alkenes:

There are about five rules that has to be followed for naming an alkene and an alkyne.  They are,

• The longest continuous carbon chain in the compound that contains double bond or triple has to be identified.  This is known as parent compound.
• Suffix “–ane” (in name of alkane) is replaced with “-ene” for alkene or “-yne” for alkyne.
• Numbering has to be done so that the lowest number is given to the double or triple bond.
• Naming and numbering has to be given for each atom or group that is attached to the parent chain.  Numbering has to be done in a way that substituents get the least numbering.
• If the alkenes have more than one double bond they are called as alkadienes (two double bonds) or alkatrienes (three double bonds).  Appropriate suffix has to be used depending on the number of multiple bonds present in the compound.

Hydration of alkene:

Addition of water molecule to an unsaturated bond present in hydrocarbon is known as hydration.  During hydration, the unsaturated bond present is broken and a carbon‑hydrogen, carbon‑hydroxyl bond is formed.

General structure of alkene can be given as,

Alkene on hydration gives alcohol.  As there is only one unsaturated bond present in alkene, only one molecule of water is consumed.  The general equation for the hydration of alkene can be given as,

If the alkene is symmetrical only one product is formed.  If the alkene is unsymmetrical, then the product is formed according the Markovnikov’s rule.  According to this rule, in hydration reaction, the hydrogen atom gets attached to the carbon atom in the unsaturated bond which has more number of hydrogen atoms or less number of substituents.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

IUPAC name has to be provided and equation has to be written for hydration of the given molecule.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

IUPAC name has to be provided and equation has to be written for hydration of the given molecule.

Concept Introduction:

Refer part (a).