Chapter 11, Problem 11.1P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of the central atom that corresponds to a trigonal planar arrangement is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbital is the wave function that is used to find the probability to find an electron around the nucleus of an atom. It is the space around the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are supposed to be found.

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Answer to Problem 11.1P

The hybridization of the central atom in trigonal planar is $s{p}^2$.

Explanation of Solution

The molecule that has trigonal planar geometry is ${\text{BF}}_3$. The atomic number of boron is 5 so its electronic configuration is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^1$.

The partial orbital diagram of an isolated $\text{B}$ atom is as follows:

The partial orbital diagram of a hybridized $\text{B}$ atom is as follows:

The half-filled $s{p}^2$ orbitals are filled with three electrons of three fluorine atoms. So the hybridization of $\text{B}$ in ${\text{BF}}_3$ is $s{p}^2$.

Conclusion

The hybridization of the central atom in trigonal planar is $s{p}^2$.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of the central atom that corresponds to the octahedral arrangement is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbital is the wave function that is used to find the probability to find an electron around the nucleus of an atom. It is the space around the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are supposed to be found.

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Answer to Problem 11.1P

The hybridization of the central atom in octahedral is $s{p}^3{d}^2$.

Explanation of Solution

The molecule that has octahedral geometry is ${\text{SF}}_6$. The atomic number of sulfur is 16 so its electronic configuration is $\left[\text{Ne}\right]3s^{2}3p^4$.

The partial orbital diagram of an isolated $\text{B}$ atom is as follows:

The partial orbital diagram of a hybridized $\text{B}$ atom is as follows:

The six half-filled $s{p}^3{d}^2$ orbitals are filled with six electrons of six fluorine atoms. So the hybridization of $\text{S}$ in ${\text{SF}}_6$ is $s{p}^3{d}^2$.

Conclusion

The hybridization of the central atom in octahedral is $s{p}^3{d}^2$.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of the central atom that corresponds to a linear arrangement is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbital is the wave function that is used to find the probability to find an electron around the nucleus of an atom. It is the space around the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are supposed to be found.

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Answer to Problem 11.1P

The hybridization of the central atom in a linear arrangement is $sp$.

Explanation of Solution

The molecule that has a linear arrangement is ${\text{BeCl}}_2$. The atomic number of beryllium is 4 so its electronic configuration is $1s^{2}2s^2$.

The partial orbital diagram of an isolated $\text{Be}$ atom is as follows:

The partial orbital diagram of a hybridized $\text{Be}$ atom is as follows:

The two half-filled $sp$ orbitals are filled with two electrons of two chlorine atoms. So the hybridization of $\text{Be}$ in ${\text{BeCl}}_2$ is $sp$.

Conclusion

The hybridization of the central atom in a linear arrangement is $sp$.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of the central atom that corresponds to a tetrahedral arrangement is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbital is the wave function that is used to find the probability to find an electron around the nucleus of an atom. It is the space around the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are supposed to be found.

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Answer to Problem 11.1P

The hybridization of the central atom in a tetrahedral arrangement is $s{p}^3$.

Explanation of Solution

The molecule that has a tetrahedral arrangement is ${\text{CH}}_4$. The atomic number of carbon is 6 so its electronic configuration is $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^2$.

The partial orbital diagram of an isolated $\text{C}$ atom is as follows:

The partial orbital diagram of a hybridized $\text{C}$ atom is as follows:

The four half-filled $s{p}^3$ orbitals are filled with four electrons of four hydrogen atoms. So the hybridization of $\text{C}$ in ${\text{CH}}_4$ is $s{p}^3$.

Conclusion

The hybridization of the central atom in a tetrahedral arrangement is $s{p}^3$.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hybridization of the central atom that corresponds to a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement is to be determined.

Concept introduction:

The atomic orbital is the wave function that is used to find the probability to find an electron around the nucleus of an atom. It is the space around the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are supposed to be found.

Hybridization is the process of intermixing of atomic orbital of slightly different energies to form hybrid orbitals that have similar energy. These orbital have lower energy and more stability than the atomic orbital.

Answer to Problem 11.1P

The hybridization of the central atom in a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement is $s{p}^{3}d$.

Explanation of Solution

The molecule that has a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement is ${\text{PCl}}_5$. The atomic number of phosphorus is 15 so its electronic configuration is $\left[\text{Ne}\right]3s^{2}3p^3$.

The partial orbital diagram of an isolated $\text{P}$ atom is as follows:

The partial orbital diagram of a hybridized $\text{P}$ atom is as follows:

The five half-filled $s{p}^{3}d$ orbitals are filled with five electrons of five chlorine atoms. So the hybridization of $\text{P}$ in ${\text{PCl}}_5$ is $s{p}^{3}d$.

Conclusion

The hybridization of the central atom in a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement is $s{p}^{3}d$.