Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written. Concept introduction: Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1 -hexene is illustrated below.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

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There is an instrument in Johnson 334 that measures total-reflectance x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to do elemental analysis (i.e., determine what elements are present in a sample). A researcher is preparing a to measure calcium content in a series of well water samples by TXRF with an internal standard of vanadium (atomic symbol: V). She has prepared a series of standard solutions to ensure a linear instrument response over the expected Ca concentration range of 40-80 ppm. The concentrations of Ca and V (ppm) and the instrument response (peak area, arbitrary units) are shown below. Also included is a sample spectrum. Equation 1 describes the response factor, K, relating the analyte signal (SA) and the standard signal (SIS) to their respective concentrations (CA and CIS). Ca, ppm V, ppm SCa, arb. units SV, arb. units 20.0 10.0 14375.11 14261.02 40.0 10.0 36182.15 17997.10 60.0 10.0 39275.74 12988.01 80.0 10.0 57530.75 14268.54 100.0…

A mixture of 0.568 M H₂O, 0.438 M Cl₂O, and 0.710 M HClO are enclosed in a vessel at 25 °C. H₂O(g) + C₁₂O(g) = 2 HOCl(g) K = 0.0900 at 25°C с Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of each gas at 25 °C. [H₂O]= [C₁₂O]= [HOCI]= M Σ M

What units (if any) does the response factor (K) have? Does the response factor (K) depend upon how the concentration is expressed (e.g. molarity, ppm, ppb, etc.)?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

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Answer 5

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

Answer 6

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

Answer 7

Chapter 10.5, Problem 16E

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergoes addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocation are more reactive than primary carbocation. For example, electrophilic addition mechanistic pathway when HBr adds to polar 1-hexene is illustrated below.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:Alkenes are considered electron rich and undergo addition reaction in presence of electrophilic halo acids. The product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiarycarbocations are more reactive than primary carbocations.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:Mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated should be written.

Concept introduction:In electrophilic addition reaction the product formed is governed by Markovnikov’s Rule. Rule suggests that negative part of halo acid HX must go to the carbon that has more alkyl substituents or less H atoms. In general, tertiary carbocations are mote reactive that in turn are more than primary carbocations. Thus if there is possibility of formation of more stable carbocation it can readily occur by methyl or hydride shift. This phenomenon is known as carbocation rearrangement.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 1E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 2E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 3E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 4E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 5E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 6E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 7E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 8E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 9E Ch. 10.2 - Prob. 10E

Solution Summary: The author explains the mechanism for the reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkene indicated by Markovnikov's Rule.

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