The change in enthalpy of sublimation has to be calculated. The portion of intermolecular forces in ice that account for the formation of hydrogen bonding has to be estimated. Concept Introduction: Enthalpy is heat content of the system. The value of enthalpy does not depend on the path of a reaction but depend on state of the system. It has a unique value for each state of the system. Thus, enthalpy is a state function. Enthalpy change, denoted by ΔH , refers to heat evolved or absorbed during a reaction. If heat is evolved in the reaction that is exothermic reaction ΔH has negative value. For an endothermic reaction, ΔH has positive value. ΔH can be represented as, ΔH = ΔE + PΔV where, ΔH = Change in enthalpy ΔE = Change in Internal energy ΔV = Change in volume P = Pressure Enthalpy of sublimation is denoted by ΔH sub . It is the enthalpy involved in sublimation process. Internal energy of a system is total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to First law of Thermodynamics , Energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa. So ΔE can be represented as, ΔE universe = ΔE sys + ΔE surroundings Further, ΔE is also equivalent to sum of either heat gained or lost and either work done on the system or by the system. ΔE = q + w where ΔE = change in internal energy q = quantity of heat gained or heat lost w = work done
The change in enthalpy of sublimation has to be calculated. The portion of intermolecular forces in ice that account for the formation of hydrogen bonding has to be estimated. Concept Introduction: Enthalpy is heat content of the system. The value of enthalpy does not depend on the path of a reaction but depend on state of the system. It has a unique value for each state of the system. Thus, enthalpy is a state function. Enthalpy change, denoted by ΔH , refers to heat evolved or absorbed during a reaction. If heat is evolved in the reaction that is exothermic reaction ΔH has negative value. For an endothermic reaction, ΔH has positive value. ΔH can be represented as, ΔH = ΔE + PΔV where, ΔH = Change in enthalpy ΔE = Change in Internal energy ΔV = Change in volume P = Pressure Enthalpy of sublimation is denoted by ΔH sub . It is the enthalpy involved in sublimation process. Internal energy of a system is total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to First law of Thermodynamics , Energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa. So ΔE can be represented as, ΔE universe = ΔE sys + ΔE surroundings Further, ΔE is also equivalent to sum of either heat gained or lost and either work done on the system or by the system. ΔE = q + w where ΔE = change in internal energy q = quantity of heat gained or heat lost w = work done
Solution Summary: The author explains that the change in enthalpy of sublimation has to be calculated and the portion of intermolecular forces that account for the formation of hydrogen bonding is estimated.
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
Chapter 10, Problem 133CP
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
The change in enthalpy of sublimation has to be calculated.
The portion of intermolecular forces in ice that account for the formation of hydrogen bonding has to be estimated.
Concept Introduction:
Enthalpy is heat content of the system. The value of enthalpy does not depend on the path of a reaction but depend on state of the system. It has a unique value for each state of the system. Thus, enthalpy is a state function.
Enthalpy change, denoted by
ΔH, refers to heat evolved or absorbed during a reaction. If heat is evolved in the reaction that is exothermic reaction
ΔH has negative value. For an endothermic reaction,
ΔH has positive value.
ΔH can be represented as,
Enthalpy of sublimation is denoted by
ΔHsub. It is the enthalpy involved in sublimation process.
Internal energy of a system is total energy present in the system. In simple words, it is the sum of kinetic and potential energy of the particles in the system. According to First law of Thermodynamics, Energy of a system is conserved. It is only transferred from one state to another that is from system to surroundings and vice versa. So
ΔE can be represented as,
ΔEuniverse=ΔEsys+ΔEsurroundings
Further,
ΔE is also equivalent to sum of either heat gained or lost and either work done on the system or by the system.
A solution contains 10-3 M (NH4)2CO3 plus 10-3 M CaCO3. (NH4+: pKa 9.26)
a) Follow the four steps and list the species and equations that would have to be solved
to determine the equilibrium solution composition. (15 pts)
b) Prepare a log C-pH diagram for the solution. Use a full sheet of graph paper, and
show the ranges 1≤ pH < 13 and -10≤ log C≤ -1. (10 pts)
c) Use the graphical approach for the solution pH. What is the concentration of all
species? (15 pts)
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Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; Darrell