Chapter 10, Problem 10.18P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The structure formula with all valence electrons is required for given compound- Dimethyl ether ($\text{C}{\text{H}}_3\text{O}\text{C}{\text{H}}_3$).

Concept Introduction:

With the help of Lewis model, we can understand the structure formula as well as number of valence electrons of atom present in molecule. Lewis model provide details about the covalent bond present in between atoms like single bond, double bond or triple bond. A covalent bond is formed between the atoms which have electronegativity less than 1.9 and have pairs of electron for sharing.

Answer to Problem 10.18P

The structural formula of Dimethyl ether with valence electrons is described as below:

• Dimethyl ether has two groups of methyl (- $\text{C}{\text{H}}_3$) which are joined together with oxygen atom.
• Oxygen can form two covalent bonds which are with carbon atom present in methyl group and have two unshared pair of electrons represented as two dots over symbol of oxygen.
• Carbon atom of both methyl groups completes its octet by forming three covalent single bonds with hydrogen atoms and one single bond with oxygen atom. So no valence electron left in carbon atom for further bond formation.
• Hydrogen atom has one covalent bond capacity which is fulfilled by forming single covalent bond with carbon atom.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of any atom is prepared with the help of Lewis model which explains guideline for bonding of atom. It guides about the covalent bonds which are formed in various combinations of single, double and triple bonds.

Single covalent bond occurs by sharing one pair of electrons whereas double and triple bonds are formed when two and three pairs of electrons are shared in between atoms respectively.

For several covalent bonds in organic compound containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen shows some important points to be noted for structure are as follow:

1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds while hydrogen form one covalent bond and both has no unshared pair of electrons.
2. Three covalent bonds are formed in nitrogen atom with only one unshared pair of electron left behind.
3. Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and have further more two unshared pair of electron.
4. Iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine like halogens can form only one covalent bond like hydrogen but they have three unshared pair of electrons.

The structural formula of Dimethyl ether with valence electrons is described as below:

• Dimethyl ether has two groups of methyl (- $\text{C}{\text{H}}_3$) which are joined together with oxygen atom.
• Oxygen can form two covalent bonds which are with carbon atom present in methyl group and has two unshared pair of electrons represented as two dots over symbol of oxygen.
• Carbon atom of both methyl groups completes its octet by forming three covalent single bonds with hydrogen atoms and one single bond with oxygen atom. So no valence electron left in carbon atom for further bond formation.
• Hydrogen atom has one covalent bond capacity which is fulfilled by forming single covalent bond with carbon atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The structure formula with all valence electrons is required for given compound- Ethane (${\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_6$).

Concept Introduction:

With the help of Lewis model, we can understand the structure formula as well as number of valence electrons of atom present in molecule. Lewis model provide details about the covalent bond present in between atoms like single bond, double bond or triple bond. A covalent bond is formed between the atoms which have electronegativity less than 1.9 and have pairs of electron for sharing.

Answer to Problem 10.18P

The structural formula of Ethane (${\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_6$) with valence electrons is described as below:

• There are two carbon atoms present which have formed three single covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms and one single covalent bond with each other.
• Each hydrogen atom has formed single covalent bonds with carbon atom and completed its octet.
• There is no valence electron present on carbon atom for further bonding.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of any atom is prepared with the help of Lewis model which explains guideline for bonding of atom. It guides about the covalent bonds which are formed in various combinations of single, double and triple bonds.

Single covalent bond occurs by sharing one pair of electrons whereas double and triple bonds are formed when two and three pairs of electrons are shared in between atoms respectively.

For several covalent bonds in organic compound containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen shows some important points to be noted for structure are as follow:

1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds while hydrogen form one covalent bond and both has no unshared pair of electrons.
2. Three covalent bonds are formed in nitrogen atom with only one unshared pair of electron left behind.
3. Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and have further more two unshared pair of electron.
4. Iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine like halogens can form only one covalent bond like hydrogen but they have three unshared pair of electrons.

The structural formula of Ethane (${\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_6$) with valence electrons is described as below:

• There are two carbon atoms present which have formed three single covalent bonds with hydrogen atoms and one single covalent bond with each other.
• Each hydrogen atom has formed single covalent bonds with carbon atom and completed its octet.
• There is no valence electron present on carbon atom for further bonding.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The structure formula with all valence electrons is required for given compound- Ethylene (${\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_4$).

Concept Introduction:

With the help of Lewis model, we can understand the structure formula as well as number of valence electrons of atom present in molecule. Lewis model provide details about the covalent bond present in between atoms like single bond, double bond or triple bond. A covalent bond is formed between the atoms which have electronegativity less than 1.9 and have pairs of electron for sharing.

Answer to Problem 10.18P

The structural formula of Ethylene with valence electrons is described as below:

• There are four hydrogen atoms are present in ethylene which have formed single covalent bond with two carbon atoms.
• Two carbon atoms have double covalent bond between them by sharing two pairs of valence electrons and two single bonds with hydrogen atoms.
• In ethylene, there is no valence electron present because both atoms (Carbon and hydrogen) have completed its octet.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of any atom is prepared with the help of Lewis model which explains guideline for bonding of atom. It guides about the covalent bonds which are formed in various combinations of single, double and triple bonds.

Single covalent bond occurs by sharing one pair of electrons whereas double and triple bonds are formed when two and three pairs of electrons are shared in between atoms respectively.

For several covalent bonds in organic compound containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen shows some important points to be noted for structure are as follow:

1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds while hydrogen form one covalent bond and both has no unshared pair of electrons.
2. Three covalent bonds are formed in nitrogen atom with only one unshared pair of electron left behind.
3. Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and have further more two unshared pair of electron.
4. Iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine like halogens can form only one covalent bond like hydrogen but they have three unshared pair of electrons.

The structural formula of Ethylene with valence electrons is described as below:

• There are four hydrogen atoms are present in ethylene which have formed single covalent bond with two carbon atoms.
• Two carbon atoms have double covalent bond between them by sharing two pairs of valence electrons and two single bonds with hydrogen atoms.
• In ethylene, there is no valence electron present because both atoms (Carbon and hydrogen) have completed its octet.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The structure formula with all valence electrons is required for given compound- Acetylene (${\text{C}}_2{\text{H}}_2$).

Concept Introduction:

With the help of Lewis model, we can understand the structure formula as well as number of valence electrons of atom present in molecule. Lewis model provide details about the covalent bond present in between atoms like single bond, double bond or triple bond. A covalent bond is formed between the atoms which have electronegativity less than 1.9 and have pairs of electron for sharing.

Answer to Problem 10.18P

The structural formula of Acetylene with valence electrons is described as below:

• Acetylene is a compound in which two carbon atoms are bonded with triple covalent bond by sharing three pairs of valence electrons. One pair of valence electron of carbon atoms is shared with hydrogen atoms to form single covalent bond.
• Two atoms of hydrogen are bonded with carbon atoms through single bond.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of any atom is prepared with the help of Lewis model which explains guideline for bonding of atom. It guides about the covalent bonds which are formed in various combinations of single, double and triple bonds.

Single covalent bond occurs by sharing one pair of electrons whereas double and triple bonds are formed when two and three pairs of electrons are shared in between atoms respectively.

For several covalent bonds in organic compound containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen shows some important points to be noted for structure are as follow:

1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds while hydrogen form one covalent bond and both has no unshared pair of electrons.
2. Three covalent bonds are formed in nitrogen atom with only one unshared pair of electron left behind.
3. Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and have further more two unshared pair of electron.
4. Iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine like halogens can form only one covalent bond like hydrogen but they have three unshared pair of electrons.

The structural formula of Acetylene with valence electrons is described as below:

• Acetylene is a compound in which two carbon atoms are bonded with triple covalent bond by sharing three pairs of valence electrons. One pair of valence electron of carbon atoms is shared with hydrogen atoms to form single covalent bond.
• Two atoms of hydrogen are bonded with carbon atoms through single bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The structure formula with all valence electrons is required for given compound- Carbon dioxide ($\text{C}{\text{O}}_2$).

Concept Introduction:

With the help of Lewis model, we can understand the structure formula as well as number of valence electrons of atom present in molecule. Lewis model provide details about the covalent bond present in between atoms like single bond, double bond or triple bond. A covalent bond is formed between the atoms which have electronegativity less than 1.9 and have pairs of electron for sharing.

Answer to Problem 10.18P

The structural formula of Carbon dioxide with valence electrons is described as below:

• Carbon dioxide has two atoms of oxygen which have formed double covalent bonds with carbon and have two unshared pairs of electrons.
• Carbon atom is linked with two oxygen atoms by sharing its two-two pairs of valence electron and completing its octet.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of any atom is prepared with the help of Lewis model which explains guideline for bonding of atom. It guides about the covalent bonds which are formed in various combinations of single, double and triple bonds.

Single covalent bond occurs by sharing one pair of electrons whereas double and triple bonds are formed when two and three pairs of electrons are shared in between atoms respectively.

For several covalent bonds in organic compound containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen shows some important points to be noted for structure are as follow:

1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds while hydrogen form one covalent bond and both has no unshared pair of electrons.
2. Three covalent bonds are formed in nitrogen atom with only one unshared pair of electron left behind.
3. Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and have further more two unshared pair of electron.
4. Iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine like halogens can form only one covalent bond like hydrogen but they have three unshared pair of electrons.

The structural formula of Carbon dioxide with valence electrons is described as below:

• Carbon dioxide has two atoms of oxygen which have formed double covalent bonds with carbon and have two unshared pairs of electrons.
• Carbon atom is linked with two oxygen atoms by sharing its two-two pairs of valence electron and completing its octet.

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The structure formula with all valence electrons is required for given compound- Formaldehyde ($\text{C}{\text{H}}_2\text{O}$).

Concept Introduction:

With the help of Lewis model, we can understand the structure formula as well as number of valence electrons of atom present in molecule. Lewis model provide details about the covalent bond present in between atoms like single bond, double bond or triple bond. A covalent bond is formed between the atoms which have electronegativity less than 1.9 and have pairs of electron for sharing.

Answer to Problem 10.18P

The structural formula of Formaldehyde with valence electrons is described as below:

• Formaldehyde has double covalent bond between its carbon and oxygen atom which is satisfying two covalent bond formation of both carbon and oxygen.
• Carbon atom completes its octet by sharing two valence electrons with two hydrogen bonds.
• Hydrogen atom is bonded with carbon atom through single covalent bond.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of any atom is prepared with the help of Lewis model which explains guideline for bonding of atom. It guides about the covalent bonds which are formed in various combinations of single, double and triple bonds.

Single covalent bond occurs by sharing one pair of electrons whereas double and triple bonds are formed when two and three pairs of electrons are shared in between atoms respectively.

For several covalent bonds in organic compound containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen shows some important points to be noted for structure are as follow:

1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds while hydrogen form one covalent bond and both has no unshared pair of electrons.
2. Three covalent bonds are formed in nitrogen atom with only one unshared pair of electron left behind.
3. Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and have further more two unshared pair of electron.
4. Iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine like halogens can form only one covalent bond like hydrogen but they have three unshared pair of electrons.

The structural formula of Formaldehyde with valence electrons is described as below:

• Formaldehyde has double covalent bond between its carbon and oxygen atom which is satisfying two covalent bond formation of both carbon and oxygen.
• Carbon atom completes its octet by sharing two valence electrons with two hydrogen bonds.
• Hydrogen atom is bonded with carbon atom through single covalent bond.

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The structure formula with all valence electrons is required for given compound- Carbonic acid (${\text{H}}_2\text{C}{\text{O}}_3$).

Concept Introduction:

With the help of Lewis model, we can understand the structure formula as well as number of valence electrons of atom present in molecule. Lewis model provide details about the covalent bond present in between atoms like single bond, double bond or triple bond. A covalent bond is formed between the atoms which have electronegativity less than 1.9 and have pairs of electron for sharing.

Answer to Problem 10.18P

The structural formula of Carbonic acid with valence electrons is described as below:

• Carbonic acid comprises of one carbon, three oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Carbon atom forms double covalent bond with one oxygen atom while single covalent bond with rest oxygen atoms and complete its octet.
• All three oxygen atoms have two unshared pair of electrons represented as two dots on symbol of oxygen.
• Hydrogen atom has form single covalent bond with oxygen atom.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of any atom is prepared with the help of Lewis model which explains guideline for bonding of atom. It guides about the covalent bonds which are formed in various combinations of single, double and triple bonds.

Single covalent bond occurs by sharing one pair of electrons whereas double and triple bonds are formed when two and three pairs of electrons are shared in between atoms respectively.

For several covalent bonds in organic compound containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen shows some important points to be noted for structure are as follow:

1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds while hydrogen form one covalent bond and both has no unshared pair of electrons.
2. Three covalent bonds are formed in nitrogen atom with only one unshared pair of electron left behind.
3. Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and have further more two unshared pair of electron.
4. Iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine like halogens can form only one covalent bond like hydrogen but they have three unshared pair of electrons.

The structural formula of Carbonic acid with valence electrons is described as below:

• Carbonic acid comprises of one carbon, three oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. Carbon atom forms double covalent bond with one oxygen atom while single covalent bond with rest oxygen atoms and complete its octet.
• All three oxygen atoms have two unshared pair of electrons represented as two dots on symbol of oxygen.
• Hydrogen atom has form single covalent bond with oxygen atom.

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The structure formula with all valence electrons is required for given compound- Acetic acid ($\text{C}{\text{H}}_3\text{C}\text{O}\text{O}\text{H}$).

Concept Introduction:

With the help of Lewis model, we can understand the structure formula as well as number of valence electrons of atom present in molecule. Lewis model provide details about the covalent bond present in between atoms like single bond, double bond or triple bond. A covalent bond is formed between the atoms which have electronegativity less than 1.9 and have pairs of electron for sharing.

Answer to Problem 10.18P

The structural formula of Acetic acid with valence electrons is described as below:

• Acetic acid contains methyl group in which carbon is linked with three hydrogen atoms through single covalent bond. This methyl group has single covalent bond with carbon atom of carboxylic acid group.
• In carboxyl acid, carbon atom has double covalent bond with first oxygen and single covalent bond with other oxygen. Both oxygen atoms carry two valence electrons.
• Hydrogen has single covalent bond with oxygen atom.

Explanation of Solution

The structure of any atom is prepared with the help of Lewis model which explains guideline for bonding of atom. It guides about the covalent bonds which are formed in various combinations of single, double and triple bonds.

Single covalent bond occurs by sharing one pair of electrons whereas double and triple bonds are formed when two and three pairs of electrons are shared in between atoms respectively.

For several covalent bonds in organic compound containing carbon bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and oxygen shows some important points to be noted for structure are as follow:

1. Carbon forms four covalent bonds while hydrogen form one covalent bond and both has no unshared pair of electrons.
2. Three covalent bonds are formed in nitrogen atom with only one unshared pair of electron left behind.
3. Oxygen can form two covalent bonds and have further more two unshared pair of electron.
4. Iodine, chlorine, bromine and fluorine like halogens can form only one covalent bond like hydrogen but they have three unshared pair of electrons.

The structural formula of Acetic acid with valence electrons is described as below:

• Acetic acid contains methyl group in which carbon is linked with three hydrogen atoms through single covalent bond. This methyl group has single covalent bond with carbon atom of carboxylic acid group.
• In carboxyl acid, carbon atom has double covalent bond with first oxygen and single covalent bond with other oxygen. Both oxygen atoms carry two valence electrons.
• Hydrogen has single covalent bond with oxygen atom.