EBK EARTH SYSTEM HISTORY
4th Edition
ISBN: 8220100601156
Author: Stanley
Publisher: YUZU
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Question
Chapter 1, Problem 1RQ
To determine
The use of actualism in geology to interpret ancient rocks with the help of some general examples.
Expert Solution & Answer
Answer to Problem 1RQ
Actualism is a concept used by geologists to interpret the ancient rocks. For example, geologists can assume that ancient rocks are of volcanic origin as they closely resemble those forming today by volcanic eruptions of molten rock.
Explanation of Solution
Actualism is the term used by geologists. It is a main principle of science, and it applies on all time scales. It is an idea which states that the facts of geology can be explained in terms of physical and chemical processes that have operated throughout Earth’s history.
General examples of the use of actualism to interpret ancient rocks are as follows:
(i) Aeolian sandstone resembles the properties of lithified aeolian sand. A geologist can say that they are formed in the same way that similar ripples developed recently under the influence of certain kinds of wind or water movement. This can explain the interpretation of ancient rocks by using a known observable process.
(ii) The ancient rocks closely resemble the molten rocks forming recently due to volcanic eruptions in Hawaii. The geologists can assume that the ancient rocks are also the result of volcanic eruptions.
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Activity 9.5 Depositional Features Associated with Ice Sheets Pgs 159-1611. After examining the map and stereogram, draw a line on the map to outline the area illustrated on the stereogram.
2. What evidence on the map indicates that portions of the area are poorly drained? On what part of the map are these features located?
3. Use Figure 9.11 to draw a topographic profile of the X-Y line on Figure 9.10.
4. Is the general topography of the land in Sections 7 and 8 in the northwest portion of the region higher or lower in elevation than the land around the letter A located near the center of the map? Is it more or less hilly?
5. Is the area that coincides with Kettle Moraine State Forest higher or lower in elevation than the land to the northwest and southeast?
6. The feature labeled A on the map is a long ridge composed of till. Is this ridge an esker, an end moraine, or a drumlin?
7. The streamlined, asymmetrical hills composed of till, labeled B, are what type of feature?The features…
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timeters (inches)
(11)
25.0
(10)
22.5
(9)
20.0
(8)
17.5
(7)
15.0
(6)
12.5
(5)
10.0
(4)
7.5
(70)
16
(60)
10
(50)
4
(40)
0(32)
(30)
-18
(3)
5.0
(2)
2.5
(1)
0
25.0
(10)
(70)
16
(60)
10
Temperature °C (°F)
Temperature °C (°F) —
22.5
(9)
(50)
20.0
(8)
17.5
17
15.0
4
(40)
0(32)
-1
(30)
-7
(6)
(20)
12.5
-12
(5)
(10)
10.0
-18
(0)
(4)
(0)
-23
7.5
(-10)
(3)
-23
(-10)
-29
5.0
-29
(-20)
(2)
(-20)
-34
2.5
-34
(-30)
(-30)
-40
0
-40
(-40)
J F M A M J JASOND (-40)
Month
Station: San Francisco, California
Lat/long: 37°37' N 122°23' W
Avg. Ann. Temp.
Total Ann. Precip.:
14°C (57.2°F)
47.5 cm (18.7 in.)
Elevation: 5 m (16.4 ft)
Population: 777,000
Ann. Temp. Range:
9°C (16.2 F°)
Ann. Hr of Sunshine:
(a)
J F M A M J JASOND
Month
2975
Station: Sevilla, Spain
Lat/long: 37°22' N 6°00' W
Avg. Ann. Temp.:
18°C (64.4°F)
Total Ann. Precip.:
55.9 cm (22 in.)
(b)
Elevation: 13 m (42.6 ft)
Population: 683,000
Ann. Temp. Range:
16 C° (28.8 F°)
Ann. Hr of Sunshine:
2862
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