Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The change that shows physical change is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The change that takes place only in state or appearance and not in the composition is known as physical change. The atoms or the molecules of a substance do not change their identity when a substance undergoes a physical change. The change accompanied by the change in the physical properties only is classified as physical change. The substance remains the same before and after the change. For example, the melting of ice is a physical change.
The change that takes place in the composition is known as chemical change. The atoms or the molecules of the substance rearrange and transformed into a new substance. For example, the burning of paper is a chemical change.
(b)
Interpretation:
The change that shows chemical change is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The change that takes place only in state or appearance and not in the composition is known as physical change. The atoms or the molecules of a substance do not change their identity when a substance undergoes a physical change. The change accompanied by the change in the physical properties only is classified as physical change. The substance remains the same before and after the change. For example, the melting of ice is a physical change.
The change that takes place in the composition is known as chemical change. The atoms or the molecules of the substance rearrange and transformed into a new substance. For example, the burning of paper is a chemical change.
(c)
Interpretation:
The change that results in different physical properties is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The change that takes place only in state or appearance and not in the composition is known as physical change. The atoms or the molecules of a substance do not change their identity when a substance undergoes a physical change. The change accompanied by the change in the physical properties only is classified as physical change. The substance remains the same before and after the change. For example, the melting of ice is a physical change.
The change that takes place in the composition is known as chemical change. The atoms or the molecules of the substance rearrange and transformed into a new substance. For example, the burning of paper is a chemical change.
(d)
Interpretation:
The change that results in different chemical properties is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The change that takes place only in state or appearance and not in the composition is known as physical change. The atoms or the molecules of a substance do not change their identity when a substance undergoes a physical change. The change accompanied by the change in the physical properties only is classified as physical change. The substance remains the same before and after the change. For example, the melting of ice is a physical change.
The change that takes place in the composition is known as chemical change. The atoms or the molecules of the substance rearrange and transformed into a new substance. For example, the burning of paper is a chemical change.
(e)
Interpretation:
The change that results in a change in state is to be determined.
Concept introduction:
The matter is classified as solids, liquids, and gases on the basis of state that depends on the physical form of matter.
In solids, the atoms and molecules have fixed positions and are closely packed to each other. The examples of matter that are solid are ice and diamond. In liquids, atoms and molecules are also closely packed to each other but they can move over each other. The examples of matter that are liquid are water and alcohol. In gases, the atoms and molecules have very large space between them and can easily move over each other hence gases are compressible. The examples of matter that are gases are nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
The change that takes place only in state or appearance and not in the composition is known as physical change. The atoms or the molecules of a substance do not change their identity when a substance undergoes a physical change. The change accompanied by the change in the physical properties only is classified as physical change. The substance remains the same before and after the change. For example, the melting of ice is a physical change.
The change that takes place in the composition is known as chemical change. The atoms or the molecules of the substance rearrange and transformed into a new substance. For example, the burning of paper is a chemical change.

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Chapter 1 Solutions
CHEMISTRY MOLECULAR NATURE OF MATTER
- -AG|F=2E|V 3. Before proceeding with this problem you may want to glance at p. 466 of your textbook where various oxo-phosphorus derivatives and their oxidation states are summarized. Shown below are Latimer diagrams for phosphorus at pH values at 0 and 14: Acidic solution -0.93 +0.38 -0.51 -0.06 H3PO4 →H4P206 H3PO3 H3PO2 → P→ PH3 -0.28 -0.50 → -0.50 Basic solution 3-1.12 -1.57 -2.05 -0.89 PO HPO →→H2PO2 P PH3 -1.73 a) Under acidic conditions, H3PO4 can be reduced into H3PO3 directly (-0.28V), or via the formation and reduction of H4P2O6 (-0.93/+0.38V). Calculate the values of AG's for both processes; comment. (3 points) 0.5 PH, 0.0 -0.5- 2 3 9 3 -1.5 -2.0 Pa H,PO H,PO H,PO -3 -1 0 2 4 Oxidation state, N 2 b) Frost diagram for phosphorus under acidic conditions is shown. Identify possible disproportionation and comproportionation processes; write out chemical equations describing them. (2 points) c) Elemental phosphorus tends to disproportionate under basic conditions. Use data in…arrow_forwardThese two reactions appear to start with the same starting materials but result in different products. How do the chemicals know which product to form? Are both products formed, or is there some information missing that will direct them a particular way?arrow_forwardWhat would be the best choices for the missing reagents 1 and 3 in this synthesis? 1. PPh3 3 1 2 2. n-BuLi • Draw the missing reagents in the drawing area below. You can draw them in any arrangement you like. • Do not draw the missing reagent 2. If you draw 1 correctly, we'll know what it is. • Note: if one of your reagents needs to contain a halogen, use bromine. Explanation Check Click and drag to start drawing a structure. 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Priva ×arrow_forward
- Predict the products of this organic reaction: Explanation Check IN NaBH3CN H+ ? Click and drag to start drawing a structure. D 5 C +arrow_forwardPredict the products of this organic reaction: H3O+ + ? • Draw all the reasonable products in the drawing area below. If there are no products, because no reaction will occur, check the box under the drawing area. • Include both major and minor products, if some of the products will be more common than others. • Be sure to use wedge and dash bonds if you need to distinguish between enantiomers. No reaction. Click and drag to start drawing a structure. dmarrow_forwardIarrow_forward
- Draw the anti-Markovnikov product of the hydration of this alkene. this problem. Note for advanced students: draw only one product, and don't worry about showing any stereochemistry. Drawing dash and wedge bonds has been disabled for esc esc ☐ Explanation Check F1 1 2 F2 # 3 F3 + $ 14 × 1. BH THE BH3 2. H O NaOH '2 2' Click and drag to start drawing a structure. F4 Q W E R A S D % 905 LL F5 F6 F7 © 2025 McGraw Hill LLC. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Center | Accessibility < & 6 7 27 8 T Y U G H I F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 9 0 J K L P + // command option Z X C V B N M H H rol option commandarrow_forwardAG/F-2° V 3. Before proceeding with this problem you may want to glance at p. 466 of your textbook where various oxo-phosphorus derivatives and their oxidation states are summarized. Shown below are Latimer diagrams for phosphorus at pH values at 0 and 14: -0.93 +0.38 -0.50 -0.51 -0.06 H3PO4 →H4P206 →H3PO3 →→H3PO₂ → P → PH3 Acidic solution Basic solution -0.28 -0.50 3--1.12 -1.57 -2.05 -0.89 PO HPO H₂PO₂ →P → PH3 -1.73 a) Under acidic conditions, H3PO4 can be reduced into H3PO3 directly (-0.28V), or via the formation and reduction of H4P206 (-0.93/+0.38V). Calculate the values of AG's for both processes; comment. (3 points) 0.5 PH P 0.0 -0.5 -1.0- -1.5- -2.0 H.PO, -2.3+ -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 2 H,PO, b) Frost diagram for phosphorus under acidic conditions is shown. Identify possible disproportionation and comproportionation processes; write out chemical equations describing them. (2 points) H,PO 4 S Oxidation stale, Narrow_forward4. For the following complexes, draw the structures and give a d-electron count of the metal: a) Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III) b) Hexabromoplatinate(2-) c) Potassium diamminetetrabromocobaltate(III) (6 points)arrow_forward
- 2. Calculate the overall formation constant for [Fe(CN)6]³, given that the overall formation constant for [Fe(CN)6] 4 is ~1032, and that: Fe3+ (aq) + e = Fe²+ (aq) E° = +0.77 V [Fe(CN)6]³ (aq) + e¯ = [Fe(CN)6] (aq) E° = +0.36 V (4 points)arrow_forward5. Consider the compounds shown below as ligands in coordination chemistry and identify their denticity; comment on their ability to form chelate complexes. (6 points) N N A B N N N IN N Carrow_forward1. Use standard reduction potentials to rationalize quantitatively why: (6 points) (a) Al liberates H2 from dilute HCl, but Ag does not; (b) Cl2 liberates Br2 from aqueous KBr solution, but does not liberate C12 from aqueous KCl solution; c) a method of growing Ag crystals is to immerse a zinc foil in an aqueous solution of AgNO3.arrow_forward
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