The Essentials of Statistics: A Tool for Social Research
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305802698
Author: Joseph F. Healey
Publisher: Cengage Learning US
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Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 1.5P
Following are brief descriptions of how researchers measured a variable. For each situation, determine the level of measurement of the variable.
a. Race or ethnicity. Check all that apply:
__________ Black
__________ White
__________ Hispanic
__________ Asian or Pacific Islander
__________ Native American
__________ Other (Please specify: __________)
b. Honesty. Subjects were observed as they passed by a spot where an apparently lost wallet was lying. The wallet contained money and complete identification. Subjects were classified into one of the following categories:
__________ Returned the wallet with money
__________ Returned the wallet but kept the money
__________ Did not return the wallet
c. Social class. What was your family situation when you were 16 years old?
__________ Very well off compared to other families
__________ About average
__________ Not so well off
d. Education. How many years of schooling have
you completed? __________
e. Racial integration on campus. Students were observed during lunchtime at the cafeteria for a month. The number of students sitting with students of other races was counted for each meal period.
f. Number of children. How many children have
you ever had? __________
g. Student seating patterns in classrooms. On the first day of class, instructors noted where each student sat. Seating patterns were remeasured every two weeks until the end of the semester. Each student was classified as:
__________ Same seat as at last measurement
__________ Adjacent seat
__________ Different seat, not adjacent
__________ Absent
h. Physicians per capita. The number of physicians was counted in each of 50 cities. The researchers used population data to compute the number of physicians per capita.
i. Physical attractiveness. A panel of ten judges rated each of 50 photos of a mixed-race sample of males and females for physical attractiveness on a scale from 0 to 20, with 20 being the highest score.
j. Number of accidents. The number of traffic accidents per year for each of 20 intersections was recorded. Also, each accident was rated as:
__________ Minor damage, no injuries
__________ Moderate damage, personal injury requiring hospitalization
__________ Severe damage and injury
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(c) Because logistic regression predicts probabilities of outcomes, observations used to build a logistic regression model need not be independent.
A. false: all observations must be independent
B. true
C. false: only observations with the same outcome need to be independent
I ANSWERED: A. false: all observations must be independent.
(This was marked wrong but I have no idea why. Isn't this a basic assumption of logistic regression)
Business discuss
Spam filters are built on principles similar to those used in logistic regression. We fit a probability that each message is spam or not spam. We have several variables for each email. Here are a few: to_multiple=1 if there are multiple recipients, winner=1 if the word 'winner' appears in the subject line, format=1 if the email is poorly formatted, re_subj=1 if "re" appears in the subject line. A logistic model was fit to a dataset with the following output:
Estimate
SE
Z
Pr(>|Z|)
(Intercept)
-0.8161
0.086
-9.4895
0
to_multiple
-2.5651
0.3052
-8.4047
0
winner
1.5801
0.3156
5.0067
0
format
-0.1528
0.1136
-1.3451
0.1786
re_subj
-2.8401
0.363
-7.824
0
(a) Write down the model using the coefficients from the model fit.log_odds(spam) = -0.8161 + -2.5651 + to_multiple + 1.5801 winner + -0.1528 format + -2.8401 re_subj(b) Suppose we have an observation where to_multiple=0, winner=1, format=0, and re_subj=0. What is the predicted probability that this message is spam?…
Chapter 1 Solutions
The Essentials of Statistics: A Tool for Social Research
Ch. 1 - In your own words, describe, the role of...Ch. 1 - Find a research article in any social science...Ch. 1 - Distinguish between descriptive and inferential...Ch. 1 - For each of the following items from a...Ch. 1 - Following are brief descriptions of how...Ch. 1 - For each research project listed here, identify...Ch. 1 - For each of the following research situations,...Ch. 1 - Identify all variables in the research situations...
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