Chapter 1, Problem 1.1P

To determine

Easy and understandable explanation of surveying practises.

Explanation of Solution

Given Information:

Point to be discussed −The practise of surveying

Surveying is the process of recording and analyzing different characteristics like altitude, angles, and distances of land surfaces to help in designing a plan or map for construction or for other engineering works. Surveying is helpful for making a decision and guide the design process as well as to build a complex structural system which can support other structures, mostly typically buildings, bridges, and other transportation infrastructure.

Basic types of surveying which are commonly used: Geodetic surveying, and Plane surveying (Land Surveying). Depending upon the nature of the survey, there are total eight types of surveying. Six types of surveying are classified on the basis of the type of instruments used for it.

Surveying of land or place is required to determine the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth. The fundamental principle of surveying is based on two aspects:

1. Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference.
2. Working from whole to part.

A survey process is carried out step by step that can provide exact data for which survey is performed. Following are the stages of surveying that should be performed:

1. Field Work: - Fieldwork consists of the measurements of all the necessary horizontal and vertical angles, distances, etc. and keeping a systematic record in the field book. During fieldwork, the surveyor should examine the area to be surveyed in order to know the best possible ways for surveying it. With the help of survey instruments, essential data should be recorded in field book with extra care to ensure that correct entry of all the observation are made.
2. Office work: - Office work comprises of drafting, computing, and designing. In drafting, preparation of plans, longitudinal sections and cross sections by plotting the field measurements to the desired scale. Computing covers the calculation of necessary data for plotting and determining the areas followed by selecting the best alignments of roads, canals, etc. through the designing process.
3. Care & adjustments of instruments:- A great care is required for surveying instruments as they are providing many details like longitudes, altitudes etc. A forced movement or pressure can damage them and results can be improper. Precise instruments like theodolite, level, and prismatic compass required more care as compared to equipment like chains, arrows, ranging rods, etc.

These all basic steps can make a whole process of surveying very easy and well managed to provide efficient data for the survey.

Conclusion:

The process of surveying is an important part of any infrastructure or plan to be implemented. The data collected after any survey can be helpful for taking further decisions toward the project. The process of surveying can assure you that the construction taking place is in the correct manner as well as providing a complete and regular monitoring of construction.