**Astronomy and Earth's Axis Tilt: A Thought Experiment****Scenario:**Your Fairy Godmother (FGM) is a straight-A Astrophysics major at Hogwarts with a mischievous sense of humor. She just loves to apply her magical powers to her interest in astronomy. One fine day she decided that our Old Earth's 23.5 degree axis tilt was boring and, with one wave of her magic wand, gave New Earth an axis tilt of 60 degrees. No environmental impact statements of any kind were filed with anyone and the Columbia Climate School was not told about it. **Questions for Exploration:**a) **Where is the Arctic Circle on New Earth?** Describe the apparent motion of the sun throughout the year for those living north of the new Arctic Circle. What do these observers see that others do not?b) **Where is the Tropic of Cancer on New Earth?** Describe the apparent motion of the sun throughout the year for those living between the new Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. What do these observers see that others do not?c) **Describe the apparent motion of the sun throughout the year as seen from New York City (latitude 40 degrees N) on New Earth.** How is it different from Old Earth?**Illustration:**Below the text are Galileo's own drawings of the phases of the Moon, from the manuscript of *The Starry Messenger*. The illustrations show four detailed depictions of the moon, highlighting the progression of lunar phases, each with half of the moon in shadow and the other half illuminated. These drawings serve as a historical record of Galileo’s observations and provide visual insight into the changes in the moon's appearance over time.

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Answered: Your Fairy Godmother (FGM) is a…

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