States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
Write the different methods of Equivalence Calculations?
There are various methods of finding equivalence point. Few of them are as follows:
1) Color change – Some reactions readily change color at the equivalence point. It include those reactions which involve transition metals in which different oxidation states have different colors. Example- redox titration.
2) pH indicators – Colored pH indicators are sometimes used which change colors according to the pH. An indicator dye is added at the beginning of the titration. The color change at the end point is the approximation of the equivalence point.
3) Precipitation – Sometimes, insoluble precipitate is formed as a result of reaction and it is used to determine the equivalence point.
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