Write a formula using the function symbol MAC(…) to indicate what is being authenticated. You may choose any reasonable variable names for the data items. b. Say an adversary is sitting between you and the retailer, with the ability to intercept traffic and send messages. Assume the authentication is not vulnerable to length extension. Describe a cryptographic attack the adversary could carry out to “max out” your credit card. What type of attack is this? c. What could the retailer do to prevent this attack, simply by changing what data is sent in that single encrypted, authenticated message? Write a new MAC() formula to show the new construction.

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Intelligent Machines

Machines that use artificial intelligence to learn from the environment and past experiences to perform better in the presence of variability and uncertainty are called intelligent machines. Intelligence develops according to environment and experience. It is human-like behavior. When the computer system or any programmed machine learns from the inputs and corresponding outputs, it can be called an intelligent machine.