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- 11. Abnormal EGFR mutations occur mostly in: Squamous carcinoma O Adeno carcinoma Adeno-squamous carcinoma Large cell carcinoma Small cell carcinoma13. A 40-year old woman who has an operation and adjuvant chemotherapy fpr colon cancer is being monitored every 6 months. AT the latest visit, a blood test shows that she may have a recurrence of the cancer. The laboratory finding most liekly to indicate this recurrence is an increased serum concentration of whichof the following (A) CA-125 (B) CD-10(CALLA) (C) Carcinoembryonic antigen (D) alpha Fetoprotein (E) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin5. How is cancer metastasis similar to leukocyte trafficking?
- 2. It is often the case that a predisposition to certain forms of cancer is inherited. An example is familial retinoblastoma. What does it mean to have inherited an increased probability of acquiring a certain form of cancer? What subsequent event(s) must occur?8. IL-10 induces upregulation of which M2 macrophage subtype? What role does this subtype play in tissue remodeling?23. Johnny was hospitalized in early August 2021 and diagnosed with Stage IV Lung Cancer even if he was a non-smoker). He went through 2 chemotherapy sessions, immunotherapy and radiotherapy but CT scans showed that the condition had gotten worse. Johnny was discharged from Sengkang General Hospital and was transferred to Assisi Hospice so he can receive palliative care for the remaining days of his life. What type of care was given to Johnny? A. Restorative Care B. End-of-life practice C. Long-Term Care D. Chronic Care 24. Progressive and long-term care facilities, therapeutic rehabilitation centers, and halfway houses provide which type of medical care? A. Restorative Care B. End-of-life practice C. Long-Term Care D. Chronic Care 25. What type of care is provided by Geriatric Day care centers and Nursing Homes? A. Restorative Care B. End-of-life practice C. Long-Term Care D. Tertiary Care
- 5. Link the following 3 proteins with the most appropriate 3 cancer hallmarks: a) Matrix metalloproteinase b) TGF-beta c) Bcr-Abl.Which of the following is not a characteristic of cancer cells? a. less cytoplasmic volume than normal cells b. an absence of cyclin c. loss of adhesion to other cells d. loss of control of cell division e. loss of normal control of G1/S phase transitionHi, can you elaborate about: 1. MyoD to be used to manipulate cancer cells at an early stage and then be used as a treatment. 2. Angiogenesis is a major function for tumor cells to grow, so if we break off the blood supply, would this result in better treatment?
- 14. In some types of colon cancer, stem cells have a mutation in the APC gene. What happens if theAPC gene is mutated? 15. Normally, proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle. What are oncogenes and how do they affectthe cell cycle? a. To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require _________ allele(s) to be mutated andtherefore are considered ____________________. The mutation results in a __________ offunction.16. Normally, tumor suppressor genes inhibit the cell cycle. How do mutated tumor suppressor genesaffect the cell cycle?a. To cause cancer, tumor suppressor genes require _________ allele(s) to be mutated andtherefore are considered ____________________. The mutation results in a __________ offunction.4. Mr. Juan Dela Cruz, a 50-year-old male was diagnosed to have prostate carcinoma stage III. He was advised to undergo radiation therapy concurrent with chemotherapy. Explain the following questions based on radiobiological principles. a. How can radiation kill cells? Explain at the molecular level. b. What are the advantages of using x-ray and gamma-ray in radiation therapy? c. Prior to the start of radiation therapy, Mr. Dela Cruz was found to have anemia and was advised to have a blood transfusion. How does oxygen fix the damage and why it is important in cell killing?1. Distinguish between a familial and a sporadic cancer