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- A patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion,which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, orcramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms?(See Clinical Impact 16.2 for the action of atropine.) Explain.Drugs that have been developed to potentiate inhibitory neurotransmitters (like gamma amino butyric acid and glycine) include all of the following except: tranquilizers tacrine ethanol valium barbituratesEpinephrine binds to both β-adrenergic and α-adrenergic receptors. Describe the opposite actions on the effector protein, adenylyl cyclase, elicited by the binding of epinephrine to these two types of receptors. Describe the effect of adding an agonist or antagonist to a β-adrenergic receptor on the activity of adenylyl cyclase.
- The following compounds exhibit little to no adrenergic receptor function. Consider what components of adrenaline and noradrenaline are necessary for their action as agonists in light of this knowledge. Explain your response. Assume that the pH of the body is 7.Classify the following neurotransmitters as excitatory or inhibitory: Acetylcholine Serotonin GABA Norepinephrine Glutamate DopamineName and discuss the function of 2 common neurotransmitters.
- Discuss the concept of termination of neurotransmitter action by comparing the mechanisms by which acetylcholine and nitric oxide's actions are terminated. (a) Name the three primary mediators of purinergic receptors. (b) Which one of these mediators is sometimes used to treat supraventricular tachycardia? (c) Explain why the drug in (b) is considered safer than verapamil in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia?Heroin (diamorphine) is: O an opioid receptor antagonist. O a long-acting opioid agonist that produces dysphoria. O a drug that is metabolised in humans to morphine. a drug with high liability for physical dependence and low liability for psychological dependence. Question 4 Cocaine exerts sympathomimetic activity by: O acting directly as an agonist at alpha 1-adrenoceptors. inhibiting the re-uptake of noradrenaline at axon terminal sympathetic neurons. O inhibiting alpha 1-adrenoceptors. O inhibiting the breakdown of noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase.Give 2 examples of drugs which target neurotransmitter release or reuptake.(expect from cocaine and Prozac). Explain the mechanisms of action.
- Name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.The neuotransmitter acetylcholine is released from presynaptic neurons in response to a nerve impulse and diffuses across the synaptic cleft or neuromuscular junction to a receptor on another neuron or a muscle cell. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a pentamer containing four types of subunits, α2βγδ. Place the following in the correct order, from the release of acetylcholine from a neuron to receptor resensitization.Which of the following can be considered as a clinical use of nicotinic antagonists? Used clinically in surgical operation causing skeletal muscles relaxation Used clinically in surgical operation causing smooth muscles relaxation All the answers are correct Used clinically in surgical operation causing cardiac muscle relaxation