Why do individuals produce an immune response the first time they encounter the A or B antigen as an adult?

Q: Sketch a B cell antigen receptor. Label the V and C regions of the light and heavy chains. Label the…

A: Immunoglobulin molecules are the globular proteins that are synthesized by the plasma cells located…

Q: Explain the type, order of appearance, and amount of immunoglobulin in each response and what causes…

A: Antibodies are soluble glycoproteins composed of a pair of identical polypeptide light chain and…

Q: Explain the phenomenon that represents N- acetylgalactosamine to O antigen to form A antigen.

A: An amino sugar, N- Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) is a derivative of galactose that forms the terminal…

Q: Explain the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: (i) X-linked…

A:

Q: Describe how a person may become sensitized toRh-positive blood.

A: Blood is the fluid connective tissue derived from the mesoderm. It is slightly alkaline with a pH of…

Q: What to types of WBC are primarily responsible for adaptive immunity. Name the sub-types of each.…

A: WBCs, also known as leukocytes, are a crucial component of the immune system. Invading bacteria,…

Q: Explain the two processes by which B-cells are activated to inactivate an antigen?

A: B cells are activated mainly by either of the two processes -  PROCESS 1-  B cells are activated…

Q: Which of the following is a non-organ-specific (systemic) autoimmune disease? a. Systemic lupus…

A: Sure, here are the reasons why the other options are incorrect: b. Hashimoto's thyroiditis…

Q: Define immunological tolerance, and explain mechanisms that may be responsible for T and B…

A: The lymphocyte is the type of white blood cell present in the vertebrate immune system. Lymphocytes…

Q: What are the protective outcomes of antibodies binding to antigen?

A: In response to antigenic stimulation, antibodies are produced which are immunoglobulins. The…

Q: Describe the reason as to why inducing plasma cells to secrete IgG instead of IgE prevents type |…

A: A biological system called the immune system is in charge of identifying and eliminating foreign…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity

A: IgM is one of the class of antibodies and consists of five four chain structures. It is the largest…

Q: If an individual failed to develop a thymus because of a genetic defect, what would happen to the…

A: Without the development of a thymus, immune responses mediated by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells…

Q: How does a naïve B cell in the lymph node ‘see’ antigen, e.g. by itself or in association with cells…

A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…

Q: Under what conditions might a person with Rh- blood develop Rh antibodies? Why can Rh+ blood be…

A: Rh Antigen - It contains proteins on the surface of red blood cells.  For example - A+ve blood…

Q: For the following mechanism that is thought to contribute to maternal–fetal tolerance, state whether…

A: The immune system of a body is broadly classified into innate and acquired type. Innate immunity is…

Q: What is the relationship between the HTC and B-cells?

A: *The relation between Helper T cells and B cells is that that antigen-specific helper T cells…

Q: Describe the structural and functional differencesamong the five major classes of antibodies.…

A: Antibodies: Antibodies are a type of globular proteins that belongs to family immunoglobulin (Ig)…

Q: Do T cells bear a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen?

A: Blood is a part of connective tissue. It has two components. These are cellular and plasma…

Q: How to the levels of CstF in B lymphocytes determine whether antibodies will be membrane- bound or…

A: Antibodies are produced by this type of white blood cell. B lymphocytes are immune cells that…

Q: Identify the lineage the following mature cell types differentiate from. Natural Killer Cell…

A: In the linear model of human natural killer cell development, hematopoietic stem cells differentiate…

Q: Describe a mechanism by which an antigen can enter the lymph node and make contact with the B-cell…

A: The response of B-cell includes two events that take place in different regions and at different…

Q: Which of the following statements is the most accurate concerning lymphocytes? a. T cells and B…

A: Lymphocytes are the cells that help to fight the microorganism that cause diseases. In normal human…

Q: Why are MHC proteins so highly variable?

A: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are a group of genes that code for proteins found on the…

Q: Define antigenic determinant

A: Introduction: An antigen is referred to as any substance that satisfies two different immunologic…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity.

A: Natural immunoglobulin M is a pentameric, polyreactive antibody produced by the b1 B cells. This…

Q: Explain the typical immunophenotypic features of peripheral B cells in: (i) X-linked…

A: X-linked agammaglobulinemia  also called XLA - is an inherited (genetic) immune system disorder that…

Q: Briefly describe the role of glycoproteins as antigenic determinants for blood groups.

A: Glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrates attached to it. The carbohydrates that are commonly…