Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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![### Question: Which of these ground-state ions has unpaired electrons?
- ○ V⁵⁺
- ○ Mg²⁺
- ○ Sc²⁺
- ○ S²⁻
- ○ P³⁻
This multiple-choice question is designed to test your understanding of electron configurations in ground-state ions. You are required to identify which ion among the given options has unpaired electrons.
**Hints for Answering the Question:**
- **Electron Configuration:** Recall the original electron configuration of the neutral atoms and how electrons are removed or added depending on the ion's charge.
- **Unpaired Electrons:** Unpaired electrons refer to electrons in an orbital that lacks a companion electron with opposite spin.
### Understanding Ground-State Ions
1. **V⁵⁺ (Vanadium Ion):**
- Neutral Vanadium (V) has an atomic number of 23.
- Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d³ 4s².
- For V⁵⁺, 3 electrons are removed from 3d orbitals and 2 electrons are removed from 4s orbitals.
- The resulting configuration: [Ar].
- No unpaired electrons.
2. **Mg²⁺ (Magnesium Ion):**
- Neutral Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number of 12.
- Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s².
- For Mg²⁺, 2 electrons are removed from 3s orbitals.
- The resulting configuration: [Ne].
- No unpaired electrons.
3. **Sc²⁺ (Scandium Ion):**
- Neutral Scandium (Sc) has an atomic number of 21.
- Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹ 4s².
- For Sc²⁺, 1 electron is removed from 4s and 1 from 3d orbitals.
- The resulting configuration: [Ar] 3d¹.
- Contains 1 unpaired electron.
4. **S²⁻ (Sulfur Ion):**
- Neutral Sulfur (S) has an atomic number of 16.
- Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴.
- For S²⁻, 2 electrons are added to the 3p orbitals.
- The resulting configuration:](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F51fbf4ed-5c5f-43a8-97a7-ef5f8ff66374%2F6c33dc49-e67d-45ea-a2d9-65623e49dd3e%2Fam4jqu9_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:### Question: Which of these ground-state ions has unpaired electrons?
- ○ V⁵⁺
- ○ Mg²⁺
- ○ Sc²⁺
- ○ S²⁻
- ○ P³⁻
This multiple-choice question is designed to test your understanding of electron configurations in ground-state ions. You are required to identify which ion among the given options has unpaired electrons.
**Hints for Answering the Question:**
- **Electron Configuration:** Recall the original electron configuration of the neutral atoms and how electrons are removed or added depending on the ion's charge.
- **Unpaired Electrons:** Unpaired electrons refer to electrons in an orbital that lacks a companion electron with opposite spin.
### Understanding Ground-State Ions
1. **V⁵⁺ (Vanadium Ion):**
- Neutral Vanadium (V) has an atomic number of 23.
- Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d³ 4s².
- For V⁵⁺, 3 electrons are removed from 3d orbitals and 2 electrons are removed from 4s orbitals.
- The resulting configuration: [Ar].
- No unpaired electrons.
2. **Mg²⁺ (Magnesium Ion):**
- Neutral Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number of 12.
- Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s².
- For Mg²⁺, 2 electrons are removed from 3s orbitals.
- The resulting configuration: [Ne].
- No unpaired electrons.
3. **Sc²⁺ (Scandium Ion):**
- Neutral Scandium (Sc) has an atomic number of 21.
- Electron Configuration: [Ar] 3d¹ 4s².
- For Sc²⁺, 1 electron is removed from 4s and 1 from 3d orbitals.
- The resulting configuration: [Ar] 3d¹.
- Contains 1 unpaired electron.
4. **S²⁻ (Sulfur Ion):**
- Neutral Sulfur (S) has an atomic number of 16.
- Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s² 3p⁴.
- For S²⁻, 2 electrons are added to the 3p orbitals.
- The resulting configuration:
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