Which of the following would produce the fastest response to G-protein activation? а. cyclic GMP production b. ion channel activation С. cyclic AMP production d. production of inositol triphosphate
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- Arrange following the boxed information in sequence regarding the dissociation and reassociation of G proteins following the activation of a G protein coupled receptor. GTP-bound Ga, dissociates from B and y cuhunits Gas exchanges GTP for GDP Gas reassociates with By subunits and the rorentor reforms Binding of the ligand to a G-protein rounled recentor GTP-bound Gas binds and activates adenvlul rurlase GTP is hydrolyzed and GDP bound Gas suhunit dissoriates Conformational change Increased synthesis of CAMP from ATPA bacterium releases a toxin that binds to and acivates a G protein-coupled recepto in the mamm alian gut. The result is high levels of cAMP in these cells. This toxin might work by: 1.binding to and inhibiting the G protein coupled receptor in these cells causing the alpha subunit of the G proetin to stay associated iwth he Beta dn Gamma subunits. 3. CAusing the alpha subunit of the G protein to bind GDP constantly 4. Causing adenylyl cyclase to dissociate from the membrane 5. binding to and activating the G protein-coupled recptor in these cells.EGTA is a chelating agent with high affinity and specificity to Ca2+. By microinjecting a cell with an appropriate EGTA solution, an experimenter can prevent rising cytosolic Ca2+ from rising above 10-7 M. How would EGTA microinjection affect a cell’s response to the ?α-adrenergic and ?β-adenergic pathways?
- he following happens when a G-protein-coupled receptor activates a G protein. OThe alpha subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. OIt activates the alpha subunit and inactivates the beta gamma complex. O The GDP bound to the alpha subunit is phosphorylated to form bound GTP The beta subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP.What are G proteins ? What are the two types of G-proteins? Explain the roles of GEFs and GAPs in their activation/inactivation?Most of the short-term physiological responses of cells to cAMP are mediated by activation of PKA. Another common second messenger is cGMP. What are the targets of cGMP in rod and smooth muscle cells?
- Which of the following is true of signal transduction mediated by protein tyrosine kinases production of cAMP phosphoinositides are activated arrestins compete with G-proteins phosphorylation of tyrosine residuesSecond-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)Explain how mutations in the R or C subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) might lead to (a) a constantly active PKA or (b) a constantly inactive PKA.
- There is an unusually high concentration of phosphatidylcholine on the lumenal side of the ER. What structural feature of phosphatidylcholine is responsible for this? Explainhow this structural feature produces this effectWhen the Na+/K+ ATPase is in the E1 confirmation, why is it essential to maintain the K+ binding sites in a low affinity state?Lithium ion, which is used to treat bipolar disorder, interferes with the phosphoinositide signaling pathway by inhibiting enzymes such as inositol monophosphatase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase. Predict the eff ect of Li+ on the supply of cellular inositol, a precursor of phosphatidylinositol and PIP2.