Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
B) 
C) 
D) 
E) 
**Explanation:**
This question displays five different structures labeled A to E. Each structure consists of a ring with different arrangements of double bonds and positive charges. The task is to determine which of these structures is not a resonance form of the given species.
**Detailed Description of Each Structure:**
- **Option A:**
- This structure shows a ring with an oxygen atom and positive charge on it. The ring has two double bonds, and an additional double bond is situated two carbons away from the ring.
- **Option B:**
- This structure is similar to Option A but has the positive charge located outside the ring on a carbon atom.
- **Option C:**
- This structure shows the ring with the oxygen atom having a double bond adjacent to it and the positive charge two carbons away from the oxygen atom on a carbon.
- **Option D:**
- This structure resembles a ring with oxygen, but the positive charge is directly on the carbon adjacent to oxygen and having multiple double bonds through the ring.
- **Option E:**
- This structure has a double bond outside the ring and the position of the positive charge seems similar to some previous options, but varied slightly in its location relative to the double bonds.
Understanding resonance forms and positions of charges is key to identifying the resonance structures correctly. Resonance forms differ in the arrangement of electrons but not in the arrangement of atoms. This means that the connectivity should remain the same while the positions of double bonds, lone pairs, and formal charges shift.
**Graphs or Diagrams:**
Since the image provided is a set of chemical structures, there are no traditional graphs or diagrams to explain. Each of the chemical structures is a detailed molecular diagram of potential resonance forms. When transcribing educational material especially in chemistry, illustrating proper Lewis structures and highlighting electrons movement between resonance structures can be beneficial for comprehension.
For an educational website, further expanding into rules of identifying resonance structures or providing step-by-step resonance structure drawings could enhance the understanding of the concept.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa5bc9879-2a6c-4384-af3a-c02f99229756%2F8c2426ae-b009-415f-a61e-4374c84bc9aa%2Ftpe6s3s_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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